Of Mice and Men Relationships Free Essays

The tale ‘Of mice and Men’ is composed by John Steinbeck, set in the 1930’s, America, during the Great Depression. The topic of the novel is of two men (George and Lennie)â Steinbeck presents the two characters, George and Lennie, in the initial segment of the novel. From this discourse â€Å"You drink a few, George†-the peruser can set up a comprehension of the two characters’ relationship. We will compose a custom exposition test on Of Mice and Men Relationships or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now One remained behind the other’, is the principal sign that one take to a greater degree a lead in the relationship than the other, and more proof to help this: ‘Lennie imitated him exactly’. Steinbeck proceeds to portray the primary man to be ‘small and quick’, while ‘behind him strolled his inverse, a colossal man’. It would be figured the bigger man would lead, to secure. The two men are depicted as ‘Both were wearing denim pants and in denim coats†¦ and both conveyed tight cover rolls’. This shows they are comparative in the manner they are both vagrant laborers. Anyway they contrast with appearance: George is disclosed to have ‘sharp features’, and Lennie to be his inverse ‘shapeless of face’. Steinbeck utilizes their appearance to show how totally unique they are with all the fixings, George has a sharp, speedy psyche, while then again Lennie is fairly dimwitted. Steinbeck presents George and Lennie’s relationship particularly like that of a dad and children. George takes care of Lennie’s work card as George knows Lennie all around ok not to confide in him with it: â€Å"think I’d let you convey your own work card? † George additionally pays special mind to Lennie and attempts to ensure him-‘you never oughta drink water when it ain’t running’, which is proof to show he resembles a dad, prompting Lennie. Steinbeck stresses the topic of George and Lennie resembling a dad and child further by George applauding Lennie to fabricate Lennie’s confidence: â€Å"Good kid, that’s it†. The most effective method to refer to Of Mice and Men Relationships, Papers

Personal Nursing Philosophy Essay

We regularly hear that nursing is a workmanship and a science, and I solidly accept that. The manner in which an attendant mixes those parts of care characterizes the medical caretaker. As medical attendants, our jobs in our patients’ lives differ contingent upon their necessities. We are instructors just as specialized specialists, and our definitive objective is to guarantee our patients and families are prepared to assume control over when the patient no longer requires our consideration. Why I Chose Nursing I have realized that I needed to work with kids since I was a little youngster myself. Prior to the age of ten, I figured I may be an instructor. As I delighted in math and science, a few of my aunties, medical attendants themselves, urged me to think about nursing. As a kin of a handicapped kid, I was most likely presented to more clinical information than normal, and I took my first CPR class when I was eight years of age. I preferred the medical caretakers and specialists that worked with my sister, yet I likewise had regard for the educators that worked so enthusiastically with her. I can pinpoint the second I concluded that nursing was for me, however it was quite a while before I could follow up on that choice. My sister had contracted hepatitis An at school. That brought down her seizure limit enough that she wound up in the emergency unit. As it was winter, I was not permitted to visit her. At ten, I didn’t comprehend the idea of RSV limitations. I just realized that she’d been hospitalized commonly and I’d consistently been permitted at her bedside. By one way or another I deciphered that to mean she should be passing on, and nobody needed to let me know. I was in the lounge area outside the ICU while my mom was in with my sister, weeping hysterically. A medical caretaker strolling by halted to ask me what wasn't right, and I spilled out my feelings of dread to her. She accompanied my into the unit, revealing to me that she was going to discover a director to check whether she could get authorization for me to visit my sister. Meanwhile, there was where I could sit tight for her†¦. which ended up being my sister’s room. In the wake of neglecting to get authorization for me to visit, the attendant came back to accompany me back to the sitting area. Before we left, she set aside the effort to clarify the screens and what they implied, and went over my sister’s plan of care and release rules with me. Massively consoled, I was substance to hold up in the lounge area. Over thirty years after the fact, that nurse’s sympathy despite everything sticks with me. The Core of Nursing If sympathy is at the core of nursing, information and expertise must be its head and hands. Since the soonest long stretches of nursing, the patient’s condition has been a thought in their consideration. Florence Nightingale’s hypothesis that hydration, nourishment, rest, and a spotless situation were important to mending (Black, 2007) is a fundamental standard of nursing today. The world has changed from that point forward, and nursing has changed with it. With each mechanical development or new treatment methodology, medical attendants have been called upon to be more than overseers. It requires gifted hands to give the medicines our patients need. All through a patient’s remain, instructing is an essential duty of the medical attendant. Patients can't settle on educated choices on their consideration without satisfactory data. In the case of showing the moderately basic undertaking of taking drugs, or the more mind boggling the executives of a ceaseless condition, it is a nurse’s obligation to ensure the patient and family are prepared and arranged to expect care once the patient returns home. The training required essentially changes from patient to understanding, and frequently from everyday in a similar patient as the person proceeds onward the continuum among wellbeing and disease. At last, patients should have the option to depend on medical caretakers to be experts in their field. Medical attendants must be responsible for staying able in their training, and for proceeding with their instruction all through their vocation (Killeen and Saewert, 2007). Convictions and Values Patients have needs irrelevant to their ailment or injury. Having spent my whole profession in pediatrics, frequently my attention is on formative needs and what exercises can be offered that help typical turn of events. A few needs, be that as it may, appear to be widespread. The requirement for play, learning, and social contact are not confined to kids. Meeting the enthusiastic and psychosocial needs of the patient without trading off the physical needs requested by the disease or injury is sometimes a fragile exercise in careful control, and is the place the specialty of nursing meets the study of nursing. By teaming up with our patients and families and regarding their qualities, an arrangement can be arrived at that the two backings their necessities and includes them in their own consideration. From a pediatric point of view, the family is a vital piece of the human services group. Guardians are the essential partner and asset in giving individualized consideration to their kid. Indeed, even in grown-up patients, what their identity is affected by the connections that they have. Genuine or constant ailments and wounds influence the whole family. The family, at that point, turns into the patient, especially when it is important to make way of life changes. I have been lucky enough to work in a showing medical clinic for longer than 10 years, on a unit that has a solid feeling of cooperation. I have watched occupants develop from uncertain clinical understudies to fit going to doctors, and have been satisfied to statute and guide new medical caretakers into associates that can be depended on. Through we have a shifted blend of ability levels, qualities, and gifts, as a group we figure out how to shape a durable entirety. I rely on my attendants to give exceptional consideration to their patients, to consider themselves and each other responsible for keeping up elevated requirements, and to help each other varying. I likewise depend on them for considering me responsible when the minutia of giving consideration to patients or my medical caretakers impedes my seeing the 10,000 foot view. In my own life, it has taken me a drawn-out period of time to assume responsibility for my wellbeing. I am presently striving to stop smoking, and have as of late lost fifty of the additional sixty or so pounds I’ve been conveying. Like a great deal of medical attendants, I put off safeguard care, and stand by excessively some time before observing a doctor when I have to. This distinction between my expert qualities and my own conduct confuses me. I can't anticipate that my patients and families should see me as an expert on wellbeing on the off chance that I am unfortunate. This year has been one of attempting to carry my own way of life into line with my convictions. Vision for the Future In two years, I will have finished my BSN. By then, I need to take a clinical teacher position while I seek after my MSN. I appear to have completed the cycle in what I need to be the point at which I grow up, and consolidating my adoration for nursing with my affection for instructing is by all accounts the best of the two universes. In five years, I plan to have finished my MSN. At that point I will have been a clinical teacher for enough time to know whether I need to make an interpretation of that to the homeroom or maybe become a medical caretaker instructor in an intense setting. I realize I love showing new medical attendants in my present setting, anyway I’m uncertain of whether I would appreciate instructing in a scholarly setting. In ten years, my objectives are considerably more undefined and to a great extent rely upon whether I have decided to move to a scholarly setting or stay in intense consideration. In either setting, there are consistently things to learn and chances to investigate. Sometime in the not so distant future, I might want to open a clinical child care office, however I have questions about that incident in that time allotment. Synopsis The quest for my expert objectives is a drawn out arrangement. I appreciate learning, have the help of my family, and the way to my objectives are obviously characterized. I am meticulous, and trust that will assist me with reaching my objectives. As I proceed on this way, every achievement will make ready to the following. Time the executives is an impediment in my way, as I am as of now maintaining two sources of income and attempting to deal with my family while seeking after my degree. I am as yet figuring out how to deal with all the requests on my time without extending myself excessively slender. What's more, I once in a while get stalled in the subtleties and dismiss the 10,000 foot view, and afterward will in general tarry until I discover my direction once more. Luckily cutoff times are powerful in making me make a stride back and reevaluate my methodology.

Third Grade Essay Topics - Great Tips For Creating Quality Essays

Third Grade Essay Topics - Great Tips For Creating Quality EssaysThinking about what topic to write a 3rd grade essay on? Consider that when writing essays is an important part of learning. We read for ideas to expand on or we use our imagination and re-enforce what we learn in class with research and maybe even some hands-on activities. Whether it's your first time in writing a personal essay or your tenth, there are key tips to help you through.Start by writing down your topic first. Keep in mind that the easier it is to think about and write about a topic, the better the essay will be. This doesn't mean you should start writing an essay without ever thinking about the topic!Specific? Yes. Think about what you have learned throughout the year. From the latest news headlines to facts and figures that have been previously discussed in class or at home, there is always something to look into.In addition to writing specific essays, consider doing some research on the topic. The Interne t and textbooks can provide you with a wealth of information and often times you can find out more information than you can think of at the moment. Take advantage of these resources.One way to make sure that your essay on third grade essay topics will be of quality is to check it for grammatical mistakes. This can be very helpful if you don't have someone else proof read your work but have done some research on the topic yourself. Remember to check for factual errors, grammatical mistakes and spelling errors as well.Even if you have someone read your essay to you, you will want to let your own creativity flow while discussing the topic. Don't feel pressured to do this. As long as you have an understanding of the topics being discussed, then you should be able to let your inner talents shine through. Regardless of who reads your essay, be sure to enjoy it and learn.Make sure you know why you chose the topic to begin with. This means that it doesn't necessarily have to be about the ye ar in school but rather the year before or even another year. As long as you know why you want to write about it, you will have the confidence and ability to write a quality essay.These are just a few of the many tips that can help you create great essays on third grade essay topics. Make sure to have fun with your topic and it will be even more enjoyable when you get feedback from your family and friends. They will help you become a better writer and your essay will be all the more impressive for your efforts.

Lizardo vs Denny Inc. NDI Free Essay Example, 750 words

LIZARDO VERSUS DENNY INC. NDI of Affiliation LIZARDO VERSUS DENNY INC. NDI In handling the situation, the security guards and the Denny’s management should have calmly sorted out the issue, therefore avoiding the extremism they found themselves in. In a country having high racism records, the affected races were bound to be paranoid and treatments from the major races that seemed unfavorable were construed to be discrimination. Having this at the back of their minds, it would have been therefore proper that the when Chiu complained of the long wait and introducing the element of discrimination, to be explained to that there were others on the waiting list long before them. A customer’s complaint should have been addressed soberly and not with annoyance of Ms. Kirts and the subsequent ejection of Lizardo, the second complainant to their services. The security guards reaction and the shoving of the two plaintiffs’ was a clear indication that Mr. Adam had personalized the whole issue which should not have been the case. The security guard should not even have involved himself in the word exchange as this aggravated the tension and led to the physical fights. We will write a custom essay sample on Lizardo vs Denny Inc. NDI or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now He should have however restrained himself from anything that would suggest to the paranoid plaintiffs that they were being discriminated against. The manager on the other hand also seemed to have personalized the issue and the African American complaint of the security guard is taken as an offence leading to the profane respond that made them be ejected too out of the restaurant. She however would have ignored their talk or rather promise to deal with it instead of complicating the matter further. 2 The security guards’ daytime occupation influenced the decision of the case on account that the guards were sober at the time of the incident and hence not intoxicated. It therefore follows that the steps they took at the parking lot were within their scope of profession and in line with their duty to avoid disruption of public peace in this case, by the plaintiff’s who from the facts had patronized one of the bars before coming to the restaurant. It is worth noting that as the guards of the restaurant, they were therefore expected to perform their duties accordingly and get assistance where required. 3 A claim of discrimination requires the party claiming discrimination to show that the major group had received a preferential treatment or the minority group had been victims of an outright hostility in comparison to the treatment given to the major group (Schiek & Bell, 2007). At all material times the two groups should have been similar in significant respects but the major group should have been treated with preference to the minor group or should have receive hostility which the major group was treated in a better respect. There is also need to establish that the group being discriminated upon was engaged in an activity protected under the anti-discrimination statutes in this case, the U. S Code of 1981 against discrimination. The discriminating party should be aware of the minority party’s participation in the protected activity and as such still took an adverse action against the minority. There should also be a nexus between the protected activity and the adverse action taken by the discriminating party (Fredman, 2011). The court ‘s decision is justified on the ground that the plaintiffs in this case could not sufficiently prove the above so as to convince the court that the action of the Denny Inc. amounted to a discrimination based on their racial affiliation. In the restaurant there were other minorities who were served and were seated. It is also worth noting that there were other people in the in the list who were waiting to seat and besides that there was an action being done to see them get a place for the six of them. A comparison to the few patrons who had been seated before them was not sufficient to warrant a claim of discrimination their part. This is because these patrons were there before them. Considering that the plaintiffs could not give evidence of any patron who was given preferential treatment, there claim could therefore not stand. The ejection of the plaintiff was not sufficient to warrant discrimination but was a mere lack of manners on the part of the defendants. 4 The court of appeal decision is based on a review of the district court. The decision is reached after examining the entire record and determining whether there was proof an intentional discrimination by the defendant to the plaintiff based on the facts given. The court of appeal therefore examined all the relevant facts of the plaintiff and the defendant’s case before reaching their decision. This will therefore form a good precedent as the court was detailed in explaining what amounted to or did not amount to discrimination and on what circumstances would a situation be described as discriminatory. In subsequent cases of similar issues the courts will hence have a lesser task in determining discrimination of lack of it. It therefore follows that discrimination would be established where the group claiming discrimination proves that the other party was given preferential treatment in an event that both of them were at similar in significant respects. It is also important to show that the discriminating party intentionally engaged in an activity that was adverse to the plaintiff’s protected right to non-discrimination. Any action besides this will not amount to discrimination but a mere lack of civility. References Fredman, S. (2011). Discrimination law. Oxford [etc. : Oxford University Press. Schiek, D., & Bell, M. (2007). Cases, materials and text on national, supranational and international non-discrimination law. Oxford [u. a.: Hart.

Discover The Marriage Proposal by Anton Chekhov

Anton Chekhov is known for brilliant, full-length plays, yet in his younger years he fancied writing short, one-act comedies like The Marriage Proposal. Filled with wit, irony, and brilliantly developed and impassioned characters, this three-person play shows the young playwright at his best. The Comedies of Anton Chekhov Anton Chekhovs full-length masterpieces may be considered comedies, yet they are filled with dour moments, failed loves, and sometimes even death. This is especially true in his play The Seagull -- a comedic drama which ends with a suicide. Although other plays such as Uncle Vanya and The Cherry Orchard do not culminate in such an explosive resolution, a feeling of hopelessness permeates each of Chekhovs plays. This is a sharp contrast to some of his more jovial one-act comedies. The Marriage Proposal, for example, is a delightful farce that could have ended very darkly, but the playwright instead maintains its energetic whimsy, concluding in a successful albeit combative engagement. The Characters of A Marriage Proposal The main character, Ivan Vassilevitch Lomov, is a heavy-set man in his mid-thirties, prone to anxiety, stubbornness, and hypochondria. These flaws are further amplified because he becomes a nervous wreck when he tries to propose marriage. Stepan Stephanovitch Chubukov owns land next to Ivan. A man in his early seventies, he gladly grants permission to Ivan, but soon calls off the engagement when an argument over property ensues. His chief concerns are maintaining his wealth and keeping his daughter happy. Natalya Stepanovna is the female lead in this three-person play. She can be jovial and welcoming, yet stubborn, proud and possessive, just like her male counterparts. Plot Summary of A Marriage Proposal The play is set in the  rural countryside of Russia during the late 1800s. When Ivan arrives at the home of the Chubukov family, the elderly Stepan assumes that the well-dressed young man has come to borrow money. Instead, Stepan is pleased when Ivan asks for his daughters hand in marriage. Stepan whole-heartedly bestows his blessing, declaring that he already loves him like a son. The old man then leaves to fetch his daughter, assuring the younger man that Natalya will graciously accept the proposal. While alone, Ivan delivers a soliloquy, explaining his high level of nervousness, as well as a number of physical ailments that have recently plagued his daily life. This monologue sets up everything that unfolds next. Everything is going well when Natalya first enters the room. They chat pleasantly about the weather and agriculture. Ivan attempts to bring up the subject of marriage by first stating how he has known her family since childhood. As he touches upon his past, he mentions his familys ownership of the Oxen Meadows. Natalya stops the conversation to clarify. She believes that her family has always owned the meadows, and this disagreement ignites a caustic debate, one that sends tempers flaring and Ivans heart palpitating. After they yell at each other, Ivan feels dizzy and tries to calm himself down and change the subject back to matrimony, only to get immersed in the argument yet again. Natalyas father joins the battle, siding with his daughter, and angrily demanding that Ivan leave at once. As soon as Ivan is gone, Stepan reveals that the young man has planned to propose to Natalya. Shocked and apparently desperate to be married, Natalya insists that her father bring him back. Once Ivan has returned, she tries to bend the subject toward romance. However, instead of discussing marriage, they begin to argue over which of their dogs is the better hound. This seemingly innocuous topic launches into yet another heated argument. Finally, Ivans heart cannot take it anymore and he flops down dead. At least thats what Stepan and Natalya believe for a moment. Fortunately, Ivan breaks out of his fainting spell and regains his senses enough for him to propose to Natalya. She accepts, but before the curtain falls, they return to their old argument regarding who owns the better dog. In short, The Marriage Proposal is a delightful gem of a comedy. It makes one wonder why so much of Chekhovs full-length plays (even the ones labeled as comedies) seem so thematically heavy. The Silly and the Serious Sides of Chekhov So, why is The Marriage Proposal so whimsical whereas his full-length plays are realistic? One reason that may account for the silliness found in this one-act is that The Marriage Proposal was first performed in 1890  when Chekhov was just entering his thirties and still in relatively good health. When he wrote his famous comedy-dramas his illness (tuberculosis) had more severely affected him. Being a physician, Chekhov must have known that he was nearing the end of his life, thereby casting a shade over The Seagull and the other plays. Also, during his more prolific years as a playwright, Anton Chekhov traveled more and beheld many impoverished, marginalized people of Russia, including inmates of a penal colony. The Marriage Proposal is a humorous microcosm of marital unions among the Russian upper class in late 19th century Russia.  This was Chekhovs world during his late 20s. As he became more worldly, his interests in others outside the middle classes increased. Plays such as Uncle Vanya and The Cherry Orchard feature an ensemble of characters from many different economic classes, from the wealthiest to the most impoverished. Finally, one must consider the influence of Constantin Stanislavski, a theater director who would become one of the most important figures in modern theater. His dedication to bringing a naturalistic quality to drama may have further inspired Chekhov to write less silly plays, much to the chagrin of theater-goers who like their comedies broad, loud, and full of slapstick.

Flood Myth in the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Biblical...

The Flood in the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Flood of Genesis The Biblical book, Genesis, of the Old Testament contains an account of an historic Flood which has never been equaled in intensity. Tablet 11of the Sumero-Babylonian version of the epic of Gilgamesh also records a Flood quite expansive and quite devastating. Are they a record of the same event? E.A. Budge states in Babylonian Story of the Deluge and the Epic of Gilgamesh that the narration of the Flood in Sumero-Babylonian records may simply be related to a local flood instead of a worldwide Flood such as the Bible narrates: It is not too much to assume that the original event commemorated in the Legend of the Deluge was a serious and prolonged†¦show more content†¦According to Berossus, the deluge hero was the tenth Prediluvian king in Babylonia. Also in the Sumerian inscription he is referred to as king; there he occupies also a priestly office, viz., that of the administrator of the temple provisions of a certain god. In the Gilgamesh epic, Utnapishtim is not invested with any royal power or entrusted with any priestly office; from it we learn simply that he was a citizen of Shurippak (Tablet XI:23) and a man of considerable wealth (XI:70ff). (227) There is no reason given by Utnapishtim for the deluge. On the contrary, the Judaic version of the Flood in Genesis states in 6:5-8 a very clear, explicit reason for the Flood: The Lord saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that very imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. And the Lord was sorry that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him to his heart. So the Lord said, â€Å"I will blot out man whom I have created from the face of the ground, man and beast and creeping things and birds of the air, for I am sorry that I have made them.† Likewise in Genesis 11:13 God gives a reason for the Flood: And God said to Noah, â€Å"I have determined to make an end of all flesh; for the earth is filled with violence through them; behold, I will destroy them with the earth. In Column 2 of Tablet 11 the Sumero-Babylonian Flood narrative continues with the measurements andShow MoreRelated Biblical Flood Myth of Genesis and the Flood Myth of the Epic of Gilgamesh573 Words   |  3 PagesThe Flood of the Bible and the Flood of Gilgamesh      Ã‚  Ã‚   The story of Noah’s Ark, as told in the old testament, tells how God punished the world because it had become corrupt. God accomplished this by flooding the world, and annihilating all the creatures upon it, except for Noah and his family and a pair of each type of creature on the earth. Each decade, more insight is gained into the origin of the flood story. Based on the information available at the present time, one could argue that theRead More Comparing the Epic of Gilgamesh Flood Myth and Book of Genesis Biblical Flood Myth1792 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Gilgamesh and Genesis Floods      Ã‚  Ã‚   The rendition of the historic, worldwide Flood recorded in Genesis of the Old Testament is similar to the account recorded on Tablet 11of the Sumero-Babylonian version of the epic of Gilgamesh, discovered in the 1800’s by British archaeologists in Assyria. Let us compare the two in this essay.    Alexander Heidel in his book, The Gilgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels, provides a background for the survivor of the Sumero-Babylonian Flood, Utnapishtim:Read More The Biblical Flood of Genesis Based Upon the Flood of the Epic of Gilgamesh1650 Words   |  7 PagesBiblical  Flood Based Upon the Flood of Gilgamesh      Ã‚  Ã‚   In the middle of the nineteenth century, archaeologists unearthed twelve clay tablets. Around the turn of the twentieth century, archaeologists finally managed to decipher the tablets written in Akkadian, the language of ancient royalty and diplomacy. The tablets tell of the story of Gilgamesh. (1) The eleventh tablet tells that Gilgamesh, in his quest for immortality set out on a long journey to look for his ancestor, UtnapishtimRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Biblical Narrative Of The Genesis1332 Words   |  6 Pagesvariation among symbolism and moral values, however collective literary essentials exist. For instance, an abundance of flood stories that expand across the world verifies a connection among the traditions of mankind. The strong resemblance between the flood accounts in the ancient Mesopotamian myth The Epic of Gilgamesh and the biblical narrative of Noah’s Ark in The Genesis propose a closer relationship that encourages further analysis. The major plot points are echoed in both texts despite differentiationRead MoreGilgamesh vs Bible1424 Words   |  6 Pageswhy the Epic of Gilgamesh compares to the Bible in many different ways and the epic also has an extraordinarily different perspective than the Bible does. Yet the Bible and Gilgamesh, story or truth, myth or religion, these are questions that are applied to the ancient epic of Gilgamesh. Interestingly, these same questions apply to another major? They were written many years ago, both with many different versions, and in different languages work, the Bible. While the Sumerians wrote Gilgamesh as earlyRead MoreBiblical Flood Story Vs. Gilgamesh Flood1981 Words   |  8 PagesBiblical Flood Story versus Gilgamesh Flood Story The Biblical Flood story and the Gilgamesh Flood story include similarities and differences. There are two versions we know of the flood story in Babylonian literature, and both have different hero’s in each, although the cause of each flood is different. I will prove that I understand the task at hand by reading both of the stories, and taking it apart piece by piece to understand it in a whole. By doing this, I am able to know what I am readingRead MoreThe Purpose of the Biblical Flood narrative1977 Words   |  8 Pagesand early Judaism† (Coogen 2008) that contains many forms of writings and stories which address not only myth, main historical events and laws, but also those that follow the Israelites unique relationship with God. The first book of the Old Testament is known as Genesis, which is highly concerned with the world’s creation and its initial stages. It is also the origin of the biblical Flood Narrative concerning Noah and the Ark. The story is characterised by a man that is instructed to build anRead More Comparing and Contrasting Epic of Gilgamesh and the Bibles Noahs Ark642 Words   |  3 PagesComparing and Contrasting Epic of Gilgamesh and Noahs Ark Many cultures have stories of a great flood, and probably the best known story is of Noahs Ark. The next most notable is the Sumerian story of Ut-Napishtim found in the Epic of Gilgamesh. In the ancient Babylonian depiction of the flood story, the god Enlil creates a flood to destroy a noisy mankind that is disturbing his sleep. Gilgamesh is told by another god, Ea, to build an ark (Monack 1). The Epic of Gilgamesh has broadly the sameRead MoreKnowledge in Gilgamesh and Genesis Essay1133 Words   |  5 Pagesboth the people of biblical times as well as those of the epic era. However, their stories have some differences according to cultural variation but the main structure, idea and theme are generally found correlative. It is hard to believe that that one work did not affect the others. The first great heroic epic poem of Gilgamesh and the Old Testament are two cultures that are hundreds of years apart. Upon studying the book of Genesis and the story of Gilgamesh; whereas one is m yth and the other oneRead MoreBiblical Vs. Classical Phenomenon2078 Words   |  9 PagesBiblical vs. Classical Phenomenon Throughout the semester, we have analyzed various texts that constitute some of the most important publications in the history of humankind. These myths and legends are known as the oldest in centuries and possibly the first sight of written text that humans have encountered. Dating back to the times of traditional oral-based stories, texts such as The Epic of Gilgamesh have given humankind a sense of emergence in the old times of script and literature. The Epic

Childrens Nursing free essay sample

Identify opportunities for child health promotion Moules and Ramsay (1998) identify many areas for child health promotion. This includes smoking, exercise, diet and nutrition, sexual health, dental health, skin care and the sun, accidents, alcohol and drug abuse. As with the other branches of nursing, health promotion can take forms of primary, secondary or tertiary intervention. Interventions may depend on the age of the child. Younger children, for example pre school aged children will benefit form health promotion aimed at the parents. Health promotion activities may include: †¢Assessing needs Social support: providing support by creating groups, counselling sessions and creating opportunities for listening and building friendships †¢Providing education through different medians †¢Detection of disorders and health problems via screening programmes †¢Providing practical help :providing access to information and knowledge, for example legal and economic advice †¢Community projects and community development As children’s health is determined by a wide range of factors, addressing the wider determinants of health is viewed as been effective health promotion. Whichever method used the child’s health needs to be viewed holistically, Hall and Elliman (2003). Explore issues of consent: Fraser Guidelines/ Gillick competencies Caulfield (1996) p287, Individuals over eighteen years who have the mental capacity can make their own decisions regarding health care. The Family Law Reform Act also allows young people of the age sixteen to eighteen to also make their own decisions. Consent issues become more complex when dealing with individuals under the age of sixteen. National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children NSPCC (2009) state Gillick competency and Fraser guidelines are used to assess whether a child under the age of sixteen is competent and mature enough to make their own decisions and understand the consequences of their decision regarding health care. The guidelines originated after a legal case between Victoria Gillick and her local health authority. Gillick took the authority to court in order to prevent her daughter under the age of 16 being able to receive contraceptive treatment and advice without parental consent. Gillick lost the case. In 1985 Lord Fraser produced guidelines specifically for contraceptive advice and treatment which stated treatment could be given to children under the age of 16 providing the advice was understood. Advice and treatment could be provided if the professional was unable to persuade the child to discuss contraception with their guardians, sexual intercourse would continue without contraception, mental and physical health may become at risk and it was in the young person’s best interest to receive contraceptive advice. Caulfield (1996) p287, If the child is assessed as being competent they have the right to consent. If the child is viewed as incapable of giving consent, the child’s parental guardians can do this on the child’s behalf. Conflicts can arise if the opinion of the child and guardian differ. For example, if the child is refusing treatment, parental guardians can override their child’s decision and consent to treatment. However if the difference of opinion is extreme and the health professional does not know how far the child’s wishes should be taken into account (For example refusal of life threatening surgery) a court can make the final decision. . Explore the concept of family centred care Mcewing, Kelsey, Richardson and Glasper (2003) p 88 identify children’s nursing to be based on a philosophy of family centred care. This approach of care focuses on the family as a whole instead of solely on the child. The nursing environment should encourage and enable the family to help care for the child. This is believed to benefit both the child and the family emotionally and physically. The family unit is maintained and it allows the parents to help care and learn the correct skills and knowledge to help care for their sick child. They also will therefore not feel they are loosing their role as a parent. However it can be quite difficult for parents in this situation and very upsetting for family members to care for their ill child in this setting. Difficulties sometimes arise when family members have differences in opinions also. Therefore it is ultimately up to the family how involved they want to be in their child’s care. The nurse and other members of the multi disciplinary team have a role in supporting the family members throughout the care of the child. Demonstrate an awareness of child protection issues Citizens Advice Bureau (2009) state child abuse can take different forms. This may be physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse or neglect. Abuse affects a child’s health and development. If reports have been made to social services they will investigate further to find out if the child is at risk and take appropriate action to protect the child. Investigations may involve family visits, medical examinations and interviews. The parents are usually informed about the enquiries being made. In more serious cases and all sexual abuse cases the police will be informed before the parents. Children can be removed from the home and placed under police protection. Further action may be required which may involve a police investigation, applying for court orders to place the child in care or under supervision from the local authority in order to provide support for the family. The child may also be placed on the child protection register. Huband (1996) p449 identifies the Children’s Act (1989). This act: †¢Highlights the rights of children and identifies parental rights are dependant on parental responsibility †¢Recognises the fact that there will be instances whereby children’s rights over power parental rights. Compare and contrast communication between children and that of adults Moules and Ramsay (1998), Similar to communicating with adults its important to use non verbal communication to show the nurse is interested and sensitive to the child and to ensure the nurse does not display signs of authority or superiority to the patient. Again as with communicating with adults it is advised to look relaxed, ask open ended questions and avoid medical jargon. Different types of communication need to be adopted when communicating with different age groups. INFANTS: Emphasis on Non verbal communication as this is what the child relies on to express needs and understand surroundings. Allowing the parents to be in sight of the child will help relax the infant especially if the guardians can remain calm. The nurse should talk to the child at their level, similarly to adult nursing. The child should be focussed upon and communicated with using simple sentences and concrete terminology. Encouraging the child to play and express their feelings through play may help decrease the child’s anxieties. This is a large part of communication in child nursing. Having the parents present is also important to help reduce any fears and encourage comfort in an unfamiliar setting. Are often interested in what is happening around their environment. Allowing the child to question the hospital, treatments and health care improves communication. Questions should be encouraged in both adult and child nursing.   It is important to give the adolescent opportunity to discuss their care alone to provide privacy. The adolescent should be treated autonomous, this will also encourage communication. It is important to be non judgemental as this again will encourage the adolescent to discuss thoughts and feelings more openly. There are both similarities and differences in communication between adults and children. These skills need to be developed in order to communicate effectively with patients of different age groups. Consider the role of other agencies and professional groups e. g. social services, sure start â€Å"Sure Start is the Government’s programme to deliver the best start in life for every child by bringing together early education, childcare, health and family support† Sure Start (2010) Sure Start implements initiatives via outreach programmes and community development to help improve child care, early education, health and family support. The aim is to help reduce poverty. Sure Start deals with children up to the age of fourteen or sixteen if the child has a disability, Sure Start (2010). Social Services have a role to help provide family support services for children if requested alongside protecting children from harm when concerns are raised. Social services are involved in protecting children in care or when placed up for adoption. In order to be successful effective inter agency communication and team work is needed. This may involve health services, education services, social services and police.

The Civil War Essays (4040 words) - United States,

The Civil War The Civil War was the most convulsive and significant war in American history. After the Constitution was adopted by all of the States in 1789, uniting the States into one nation, differences between the States had been worked out through compromises. By 1861 these differences between the Northern States, which included the Western States, and the Southern States had become so great that compromise would no longer work. Therefore, a conflict started within our nation that was called the Civil War. Although causes of the Civil War have long time been debated by historians, there are many reasons that are agreed on. For more than thirty years arguments between the North and South had been growing. One of these controversies was about taxes paid on goods brought into this country from foreign countries. This kind of tax is called a tariff. In 1828 Northerners helped get the Tariff Act passed. It raised the prices of manufactured products from Europe, which were sold mainly in the South. The purpose of the law was to encourage the South to buy the North's products. It angered the Southern people to have to pay more for the goods they wanted from Europe or pay more to get goods from the North. Either way the Southern people were forced to pay more because of the efforts of Northern businessmen. Though most of tariff laws had been changed by the time of the Civil War, the Southern people still remembered how they were treated by the Northern people. In the years before the Civil War the political power in the Federal Government, centered in Washington D.C., was changing. The Northern and Mid-Western States were becoming more powerful as the populations increased. The Southern States were losing political power. Just as the original thirteen colonies fought for their independence, the Southern States felt a growing need for freedom from the central Federal authority in Washington D.C. They felt that each State should make its own laws. This issue was called State's Rights. Some Southern States wanted to break away from the United States of America and govern themselves. (The Civil War Homepage) Probably the most emotional issue of the cause of the Civil War was over the issue of slavery. Farming was the South's main industry and cotton was the primary farm product. Not having the use of machines, it took a great amount of human labor to pick cotton. The people in the South needed more people (slaves) to work the cotton for them that is why large number of slaves were used in the South. Many slaves were also used to provide labor for the various household chores that needed to be done. Many Northerners thought that owning slaves was wrong, for any reason. Thus, the disagreement. Some of those Northerners loudly disagreed with the South's laws and beliefs concerning slavery. Except slavery had been a part of the Southern way of life for well over 200 years and they didnt want to give it up without a fight. The Constitution of the United States guaranteed the right to own property and protected against anyone taking their property. To them a slave was property. The people of t he Southern States did not like the Northern people telling them that owning slaves was a great wrong. A person either believes that slavery is right or that slavery is wrong, so how can two people arguing over this issue come to a compromise? (The American Civil War). Abraham Lincoln was elected President of the United States in 1860. He vowed that he would keep the country united and the new western territories would be free from slavery. Many Southerners were afraid that he would not sympathetic to their way of life and would not treat them fairly. South Carolina was the first State to separate from the United States soon after the election of Abraham Lincoln. Six other Southern States quickly followed and also left. These States joined together and formed a new nation, which they named the Confederate States of America. They elected Jefferson Davis as their first president. On April 12, 1861 the Confederate States of America attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina, which was held

Global Warming and Carbon

Global Warming and Carbon Introduction Global warming is believed to be as a result of excess carbon in the atmosphere. Scientists have predicted climate change. This essay analyzes and evaluates an article â€Å"The Global Warming Myth† by David Bellamy. Bellamy, who is a professor, is a founder of Tree Appeal and a well known botanist and environmental campaigner, as Salter (2009, p. 1) reveals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming and Carbon specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The British environmentalist claims that the global warming allegations by scientist are manmade and that there is no imminent danger that carbon will cause an end to the present world. He maintains that predictions based on generated computer models cannot be relied on since the presence of carbon in the atmosphere cannot cause a catastrophe. This essay analyzes and evaluates these claims by showing assertions that carbon may not be responsible for glo bal warming as claimed by many scientists. Analysis Bellamy (2007, p. 1) argues that global warming is as a result of carbon and is not a threat. The changes in climate that have occurred are not sufficient to make the assertions that the world is in danger. The climatic change that has occurred does not give transformed details of whether that could indicate an approaching catastrophe. The challenge is that the climate change supporters have gone to extents of politicizing the issue and causing panic in the society. Their predictions are generated in a computer model which has been designed by man. He appreciates the scientists for conducting research in the disputed area and notes that their research has contributed to science. The prediction dwell on the model yet accurate results of weather forecast can predict two weeks. To support his argument, Bellamy (2007, p. 1) notes that global temperatures have displayed climatic trends in the past century that pronounce catastrophe. The highest temperatures were recorded in 1940 and 1980 whereas the lowest temperatures were recorded in 1910 and 1970.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Following changes in 1980, scientists announced that global warming was approaching. The computer models they used are seen as unreliable by the professor. The recorded changes in temperature are not sufficient to declare danger in the changes in weather. The ice age began to fade away 20,000 years ago when the sea level was increased and has since stopped. For global warming to be considered a threat, the cycle of change takes many years. It is thereof inaccurate to use data collected within 60 years and claim that climate change will cause a catastrophe. Airhart (2010, p. 1) states that, vast amount of data that cover tens of thousands of years is required to make a judgment. The content of Carbon dioxide in the at mosphere is constantly increasing. The climate changes have varied in a cyclic manner from time to time. Many scholars have ignored that carbon dioxide has an advantage in plants growth. Scientists propose a long period to be considered when considering climate change. Bellamy (2007, p. 1) notes that the climate has been recorded to be on decline in the past 10 years. Hence, the weather could have begun another cycle of change to global cooling. The scientists scare the world’s population by spreading the word of doom. Bellamy (2007, p. 1) insists that wild animals have increased in the past decades. Governments funding on the spread of the looming catastrophe is enormous. The variability of the climate change is challenging, only half is predictable. Consequently, the prediction is inaccurate. Predictions accuracy is applicable for less than two weeks, besides the weather being unpredictable in nature. Bellamy (2007, p. 1), who is an environmentalist, encourage people to par ticipate in sustainable programs that promote natural environment. Indigenous plans and animals are important to the climate. The changes in the weather are real.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming and Carbon specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The presence of carbon dioxide is not a danger to the population but may be useful for plants. Carbon dioxide is not capable of causing an end to the world. Evaluation The climatic changes happening are likely to be a normal process that the earth undergoes from time to time. The global warming needs to be reversed to avoid the possibility of a catastrophe. This will be possible if indigenous trees and animals are safeguarded so that they do not become extinct. The earth has been cooling since 1998 and thus, the global warming may be reversing as Airhart (2010, p. 1) indicate in support of the article. The increased amounts of Carbon dioxide alone are not sufficient to cause a global warming. The models used in determining the future in climate are deficient. They fail to be realistic because predicting future weather is challenging when one considers the complexity of nature and patterns of weather. There is no scientific explanation on carbon as having the capacity to cause a global catastrophe. Changes in weather that have occurred have been explained as natural phenomena. Scientists have failed to form a consensus on the natural explanation of the global warming. There may be other explanations of global warming other than the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. May be the global warming is as a result of land use like the urban heat that is absorbed by buildings and roads in developed land. There could also be a possibility that the weather stations collect measurements affected by the urban development. History of weather shows that the global temperatures increase first then the carbon levels are raised. The carbon levels increased after g lobal warming and may not have a negative effect (Salter 2009, p, 10.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bedard (2009, p. 1) argues that carbon dioxide is harmless and has benefits. More carbon dioxide is required to support the existing plants. Global warming may have originated from solar activities. Slowing down carbon dioxide will affect the growth of plants, since plants require carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is not harmful to human beings, the efforts on reducing carbon dioxide are unnecessary. Global Wraming.com (2011, p. 1) differs with Bellamy (2007, p. 1) view of global warming effects and states that the earth’s air and water are becoming warm, which may result in a catastrophe. The article fails to see the effects of the global warming like the shortage of water as indicated by Natural Resources Defense Council (2001, p. 1). Climate threats like drought expose people to the danger of starvation; hence the nations should conserve the plants and animals to reverse the effects of global warming. Statistics shows that carbon emissions are on the increase in the present w orld than before. The professor fails to acknowledge the increase of emissions has been on the increase than before. Barett (2009, p. 1) notes that the states have entered into international agreements which have discussed various ways of reducing the carbon emission. Measures to reduce the carbon emissions are taken because the effects of global warming have been realized. The effects of global warming have been realized across the globe. Carey (2011, p.1) argues that the extreme weather changes are as a result of global warming effects. The emission of greenhouse gases has been increased by human activities. Massive rainstorms, extended droughts and frequent floods are examples of extreme weather conditions that have not been realized before. Researchers are in harmony that the possible cause of the adverse weather changes have been contributed by human activities. Mandia (2011, p. 1) states that, the climatic conditions that are witnessed today are beyond the regular climatic con ditions. The adverse weather conditions are likely to cause major disruptions in the social life of human beings and the existence of the entire ecosystem. There is great variability of climate than in other times. Researchers base their studies on the effects of global warming with an aim of finding out the accuracy of the claim that the earth is endangered. Scientists argue that it may be necessary to distinguish changes in temperature in a certain region with that of the entire globe (RealClimate 2011, p.1). Conclusion The article mentions that there is global warming and denies that carbon is harmful and will cause a catastrophe. The essay has shown that carbon is harmless and the global changes are as a result of natural changes in weather. It is therefore inaccurate to claim that the weather can be predicted with the computer models and ignore that the weather is unpredictable. The essay has also noted that extreme weather changes have occurred and may have been contributed by the increased emission of carbon from human activities. References Airhart, M., 2010. Climate myths: Jackson school set the record straight. Available at utexas.edu/know/2010/11/08/climate_myths/ Barett, S., 2009. Rethinking Global Climate Change Governance. Economics, 3, 5. Available at economics-ejournal.org/economics/journalarticles/2009- 5 Bedard, P., 2009. Scientist: Carbon Dioxide Doesn’t Cause Global War. Available at usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2009/10/07/scientist- carbon-dioxide-doesnt-cause-global-warming Bellamy, D., 2007. The Global Warming Myth. Available at http://nzclimatescience.net/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=58I temid=1 Carey, J., 2011.Global warming and the Science of extreme Weather. Available at scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=global-warming-and-the- science-of-extreme-weather Global Wraming.com., 2011. What is global warming. Available at http://globalwarming.com/2009/03/what-is-global-warming/ Mandia, S. A., 2011 . Global warming man or myth. Available at http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/global_warming/global_warming_scientifi c_consensus.html Natural Resources Defense Council., 2011. Global warming. Available at nrdc.org/globalwarming/ RealClimate., 2011. Myth vs. Fact regarding the â€Å"Hockey stick†. ‘Available at realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2004/12/myths-vs-fact-regarding- the-hockey-stick/ Salter, J., 2009. Eco hero: David Bellamy. The telegraph. Available at telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/climatechange/6598056/Eco- hero-David-Bellamy-botanist-and-campaigner.htm

Design of one Operation Unit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Design of one Operation Unit - Essay Example The technology currently accounts for more than 20% of air separations. In cryogenic distillation applied in this design, air is liquefied, and then fractionally distilled, separating the air into its constituents primarily nitrogen, oxygen and argon. This is a complex process that is the most common and efficient method of large scale oxygen production. It is also the most efficient method of storing oxygen. Liquid oxygen storage is six to eight times more efficient than high pressure cylinders. The complexities and cool down requirements highly favour continuously operating production plants; this is not usually the mode of operation for field medical facilities. Liquid oxygen can be stored, but there is a loss rate that is dependent on the size of the container, the amount of liquid oxygen in the container, and the ambient temperature. Liquid oxygen cannot be stored for long term use. It is a simple matter to safely fill high pressure oxygen cylinders using liquid oxygen. Cryogeni c air separation is currently the most efficient and cost-effective technology for producing large quantities of oxygen, nitrogen, and argon as gaseous or liquid products. An air separation unit using a conventional, multi-column cryogenic distillation process produces oxygen from compressed air at high recoveries and purities. Cryogenic technology can also produce high-purity nitrogen as a useful by product stream at relatively low incremental cost. In addition, liquid argon, liquid oxygen, and liquid nitrogen can be added to the product slate for stored product backup or byproduct sales at low incremental capital and power costs. Capacity and product specification The designed system comprises of 3 columns with a length of 1 meter each. Its ID is 3cm. The system is equipped with an automated control system for regulation of each cycle’s time to monitor and record rate of flow, system pressure, and temperatures of the columns. The designed system can be applied to an extensi ve range of absorbents and pressures in facilitating the adsorption process. The targeted optimal rate of flow of oxygen to be produce by the system is 80 lit/min. design specifications are illustrated in the tables below, Capacity table: Theoretical Model Fix layer and dynamic regime adsorption is often characterized by continuous fluid flow phase going via an adsorbent layer within a time variable process (Nexant Inc., 2010). This is theoretically represented in the diagram below: At the process start, free adsorbent layer volume is considered as filled up with a given component A which cannot be absorbed and further, the solid is â€Å"clean†, and does not have any absorbing component B. Other assumptions made are that the gas is ideal; the absorbent layer has constant temperature, the section has constant speed, and that there is an insignificant pressure drop in the layer. This process is represented in a mathematical model which incorporates multiple equations referring to adsorbed component in volume element of height, fluid phase, and solid and the balance equation. These equations are illustrated hereafter, Product stands for mass transfer coefficient per absorbent layer’s unit volume. The first two equations can be simplified using a modified time variable as follows, The equations can be solved simoultaneously with knowledge of limit conditions: At the start, adsorbed component concentration is zero at any point in the adsorption

Report - Competing through Marketing Assignment

Report - Competing through Marketing - Assignment Example Marketing planning is a strategic process used by organizations to predict the future environment of the business for the sole aim of strategizing on the appropriate strategy for maximizing the full potential of the existing and future market. In organizations, market planning helps in allocation of resources, identification of the strengths and weaknesses and provides advance warning. Overall, marketing in organizations revolves around expanding the market, increasing the organization’s profit, exhausting resources, and targeting the right market (Lecture 1 & 2). Trends in banking and financial services Globalization According to Cummins and Venard (2007), different supranational agencies which include the World Bank and World Trade Organization have been major contributors in promoting globalization to the entire world, with a specific impact been focused to Asia. A good example in respect to this is in 2001 when the Chinese government was signatory of the WTO; there were cr ucial commitments made by the government in terms of liberalizing insurance industry. A new stage was hence created for the development of the insurance sector and opening of the market was enhanced instead of the previous restricted market (Padmalatha, 2011). Moreover, globalization ensures the ease of financial firms accessing the market beyond the borders of their country of origin. Globalization also ensures future penetration of foreign firms to a foreign market (Cummins and Venard, 2007, p.19). Private insurance In the past, majority of countries relied on government programs and insurance companies but of late, the trend has changed as they are relying on private insurance companies that have become dominant in the economy. Moreover, government insurance companies have diminished in time due to wave of privatization (Cummins and Venard, 2007, p.19). New technology Financial firms have witnessed advancement in new technology over the past few years. This has increased and enha nced marketing of new products in a rapid manner as compared to the past. New technology has brought with it an introduction to new sophisticated products. In insurance industry, for instance, there is an introduction of universal life insurance, which can be termed as a change facilitated by development in communication and computer technologies (Cummins and Venard, 2007, p.19). Differences between building societies and banks Building societies are mutual societies, which mean that, they are owned by members. These members either have taken a mortgage with the society or have invested with them. On the other hand, banks may not possess shareholders who earn dividends from profits earned; instead, the profit earned in banks is normally ploughed back into the firm. Basically, the difference between the two is based on their nature of lending (Boleat, 1985, p.4). In terms of raising money, building societies normally offer mortgage loans when purchasing a house. In this case, the hou se acts as the security against the received loan. In addition to this, building societies can transact loans, which are unsecured. These loans mainly

Natural Language Processing Scope English Language Essay

Natural Language Processing Scope English Language Essay Abstract: The challenging sphere of natural language processing has been a major concern in the field of computer science and artificial intelligence since the late 40s. It encompasses the next strive forward in artificial intelligence to make computers and human interface more flexible and human understandable. Various methods were adopted since its inscription like machine translation, speech recognition, e-teaching, auto tutor etc. Researchers saw it as a likely bridge between human spoken language and computers which used programming languages and binary codes. As mentioned earlier, it is still a challenging task of making a computer to understand human natural language as such. Hence, further enhancements and techniques will foster the demanding yet fruitful and futuristic computational trends. Keywords: NLP Natural Language Processing, Semantic, Syntactic, Lexical, Phonology, MT Machine Translation Introduction: The computational scheme has evolved from basic set of instructions in the form of binary codes to mnemonic instruction codes to programming languages that have prevailed intensively during the later part of twentieth century. Along that evolution came the inspirational research on making the computer understand natural human language and interact with the humans in short applying natural language processing to normal computer usage and beyond. Natural language processing can be defined as a theoretical approach enclosing analysis and manipulation of natural language texts usually spoken by humans. This is done at various levels of linguistic analysis in order to attain a human-like approach to processing of tasks and other problems. It must be noted that NLP is not a single defined standard system but a collection of numerous language processing techniques and methods. Also, in view of facilitating the user and standing true to the name, texts must be of natural language usage and not a set of selected texts that could be used for processing. Because, the later approach would certainly forgo the real meaning of natural language processing. In any NLP system, various levels of linguistic analysis of the text are performed. This is done because humans usually breakup linguistic texts into various levels and then process or understand the language. Human-like approach and processing in the NLP systems are considered as an integral part of AI. The applications of NLP are versatile and are currently being researched and implemented in fields like military science, security systems, virtual reality simulation, medicine and regular computer science and artificial intelligence. The techniques and approaches that have been used or researched so far form the basic platform of NLP. Some of them are based on classification of natural linguistic phonology, morphology, lexical variations, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic levels. Some of the notable works done in this field are: Machine Translation Weaver and Booth (1946) Syntactic Structures Chomsky (1957) Case grammar Fillmore Semantic Networks Quillain Conceptual Dependency Schank Augmented Transition Networks Woods Functional Grammar Kay Also that there have been famous prototypes developed to highlight the impact of particular techniques and principles. They are: ELIZA Weizenbaum SHRDLU Winograd PARRY LUNAR Woods The scope of the article revolves around the evolution of NLP and its implementation in security systems. Methods: Strata of natural language processing: The optimal descriptive way of putting forward the actions that are going on in natural language processing system is through the strata of natural language processing. During the early days of natural language processing, it was held that the different data of natural language processing followed a sequential pattern. But current Psycholinguistic researches have revealed that the system follows rather a synchronic pattern. This is because humans use all of the strata of language processing and they dont follow a sequential pattern. For this reason, in order to achieve high efficiency of NLP system more strata of language processing must be adopted. This stratum deals with the interpretation of speech sounds within and across words. There are three types of rules that are typically used: 1) Phonetic rules for sounds within words 2) Phonemic rules for variations of pronunciation when words are spoken together 3) Prosodic rules for fluctuation in stress and intonation across a sentence. Morphology This strata deal with the componential nature of words, which are composed of morphemes the smallest units of meaning. For example, the word postproduction can be morphologically analyzed into three separate morphemes: the prefix post, the root product and the suffix tion. Since the meaning of each morpheme remains the same across words, humans break down an unknown word into its constituent morphemes in order to understand its meaning. In the same way, an NLP system recognizes the meaning given by each morpheme in order to achieve and interpret meaning. Lexical Both the humans and NLP systems at this stratum, interpret the meaning of individual words. Several types of processing contribute to word-level understanding the first of these being assignment of a single part-of-speech tag to each word. In this processing, words that can function as more than one part-of-speech are assigned the most probable part-of speech tag based on the context in which they occur. Moreover at the lexical stratum, those words that have only one possible sense or meaning can be replaced by a semantic representation of that meaning. The nature of the representation varies according to the semantic theory utilized in the NLP system. One can notice that, a single lexical unit is split into its more basic properties. If there is a set of semantic primitives used across all words, these simplified lexical representations make it possible to unify meaning across words and to produce complex interpretations, much the same as humans do. Syntactic The concept of analysing the sentence by looking into the grammatical composition of a sentence and its dependency is used here. This needs both grammar and a parser. The output achieved here is a representation of the sentence that gives the structural dependency relationships between the words. The efficiency of a parser depends on the different grammars used. Not all NLP applications require a full parse of sentences, therefore the remaining challenges in parsing of prepositional phrase attachment and conjunction scoping no longer stymie those applications for which phrasal and clausal dependencies are sufficient. Syntax conveys meaning in most languages because order and dependency contribute to meaning. For example the two sentences: I smoked a cigarette. and The cigarette smoked me. differ only in terms of syntax, but convey contrasting meanings. Semantic This is the strata at which most people think meaning is determined, however, as we can see in the above defining of the stratum, it is all the levels that contribute to meaning. Semantic processing determines the possible meanings of a sentence by focusing on the interactions among word-level meanings in the sentence. This level of processing can include the semantic disambiguation of words with multiple senses; in an analogous way to how syntactic disambiguation of words that can function as multiple parts-of-speech is accomplished at the syntactic level. Semantic disambiguation permits one and only one sense of polysemous words to be selected and included in the semantic representation of the sentence. For example, amongst other meanings, file as a noun can mean either a folder for storing papers, or a tool to shape ones fingernails, or a line of individuals in a queue. If information from the rest of the sentence were required for the disambiguation, the semantic, not the lexical level, would do the disambiguation. A wide range of methods can be implemented to accomplish the disambiguation, some which require information as to the frequency with which each sense occurs in a particular corpus of interest, or in general usage, some which require consideration of the local context, and others which utilize pragmatic knowledge of the domain of the document. Discourse While syntax and semantics work with sentence-length units, the discourse level of NLP works with units of text longer than a sentence. That is, it does not interpret multisentence texts as just concatenated sentences, each of which can be interpreted singly. Rather, discourse focuses on the properties of the text as a whole that convey meaning by making connections between component sentences. Several types of discourse processing can occur at this level, two of the most common being anaphora resolution and discourse/text structure recognition. Anaphora resolution is the replacing of words such as pronouns, which are semantically vacant, with the appropriate entity to which they refer (30). Discourse/text structure recognition determines the functions of sentences in the text, which, in turn, adds to the meaningful representation of the text. For example, newspaper articles can be deconstructed into discourse components such as: Lead, Main Story, Previous Events, Evaluation, Attributed Quotes, and Expectation. Pragmatic This level is concerned with the purposeful use of language in situations and utilizes context over and above the contents of the text for understanding The goal is to explain how extra meaning is read into texts without actually being encoded in them. This requires much world knowledge, including the understanding of intentions, plans, and goals. Some NLP applications may utilize knowledge bases and inferencing modules. For example, the following two sentences require resolution of the anaphoric term they, but this resolution requires pragmatic or world knowledge. Natural Language processing in textual information retrieval As the reader has probably already deduced, the complexity associated with natural language is especially key when retrieving textual information [Baeza-Yates, 1999] to satisfy a users information needs. This is why in Textual Information Retrieval, NLP techniques are often used [Allan, 2000] both for facilitating descriptions of document content and for presenting the users query, all with the aim of comparing both descriptions and presenting the user the documents that best satisfy their information needs. In other words, a textual information retrieval system carries out the following tasks in response to a users query: Indexing the collection of documents: in this phase, NLP techniques are applied to generate an index containing document descriptions. Normally each document is described through a set of terms that, in theory, best represents its content. When a user formulates a query, the system analyses it, and if necessary, transforms it with the hope of representing the users information needs in the same way as the document content is represented. The system compares the description of each document with that of the query, and presents the user with those documents whose descriptions are closest to the query description. The results are usually listed in order of relevancy, that is, by the level of similarity between the document and query descriptions. C:UsershpDesktopUntitled.bmp The architecture of an information retrieval system As of now there are no NLP techniques that allow us to extract a documents or querys meaning without any mistakes. In fact, the scientific community is divided on the procedure to follow in reaching this goal. In the following section we will explain the functions and peculiarities of the two key approaches to natural language processing: a statistical approach and a linguistic focus. Both proposals differ considerably, even though in practice natural language processing systems use a mixed approach, combining techniques from both focuses. CONCLUSION: Despite the useful universal aspect of programming languages, these languages are still understood only by very few people, unlike the natural languages which are understood by all. The ability to turn natural into programming languages will eventually decrease the gap between very few and all, and open the benefits of computer programming to a larger number of users. In this paper, we showed how current state of-the-art techniques in natural language processing can allow us to devise a system for natural language programming that addresses both the descriptive and procedural programming paradigms. The output of the system consists of automatically generated program skeletons, which were shown to help non-expert programmers in their task of describing algorithms in a programmatic way. As it turns out, advances in natural language processing helped the task of natural language programming. But we believe that natural language processing could also benefit from natural language programming. The process of deriving computer programs starting with a natural language text implies a plethora of sophisticated language processing tools such as syntactic parsers, clause detectors, argument structure identifiers, semantic analyzers, methods for co reference resolution, and so forth which can be effectively put at work and evaluated within the framework of natural language programming. We thus see natural language programming as a potential large scale end-user (or rather, end computer) application of text processing tools, which puts forward challenges for the natural language processing community and could eventually trigger advances in this field.

Essays --

Television Producer Television producers have one of the most prominent and active roles within the industry; they play a part in each aspect of pre-production, production and post-production. A producer tends to be at the core of any contemporary television show, yet there are several different kinds of producer that are at the threshold. Within television, producers are highly involved in a wide variety of programming, such as dramas, reality shows, game shows, documentaries, sitcoms etc. Like with most media based roles, the ideal outcome for any producer, is a successful broadcast. Producers are the initiators of all projects. Their role deals with issues of creativity, finance and practicality; they must supervise an entire production and creative team. Yet, certain positions are headed by specific types of producer. For example, an 'Executive Producer' will likely be in charge of the finances, along with input on the script and ensuring all cast and crew are content. Yet, an executive producer can be claimed to have very little involvement in the technical side of the video making process, but is still responsible for the project. Typically, an executive producer handles business and legal issues. A regular 'Producer' will run every aspect of the production on a daily basis, because of this, they often duplicate roles and become directors and writers as well. Following this, an 'Associate Producer' will assist the 'Producer', whether that be a research position, coordinating staff, or taking on the 'Producer' role if he/she is otherwise incapable themselves. Many other roles on a television series, include a Line/Field Producer, which takes charge of 'on location' production and a Series Producer, who is responsible for ... ...background in media education is beneficial. However, previous experience within the industry is a requirement, whether it be as a runner, researcher, assistant producer etc; this experience can lead to employment in a more senior position. A strong producer will be creative, a strong financial head, leadership abilities, confidence, good communication skills and strong time and resource management. As long as television exists, so will a producer. Successful producers gain the audience's appreciation with originality, whilst appealing to the masses. They capture the audience's attention through a range of marketing campaigns and creatively successful shows themselves. However, Producer roles are dominated by men. In 2011, women comprised only 18% of all roles within the media industry. Albeit, networking, organisation and creativity are key to becoming a producer.

Atlas Copco

LibraryPirate This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www. engage. com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Principles of Supply Chain Management A BALANCED APPROACH 3e JOEL D. WISNER University of Nevada, Las Vegas †¢ KEAH-CHOON TAN University of Nevada, Las Vegas †¢ G. KEONG LEONG University of Nevada, Las Vegas Australia †¢ Brazil †¢ Japan †¢ Korea †¢ Mexico †¢ Singapore †¢ Spain †¢ United Kingdom †¢ United States Principles of Supply Chain Management, Third edition Joel D.Wisner, Keah-Choon Tan, G. Keong Leong Editorial Director: Jack W. Calhoun Sr. Acquisitions Editor: Charles McCormick, Jr. Developmental Editor: Daniel Noguera Editorial Assistant: Nora Heink Marketing Manager: Adam Marsh Media Editor: Chris Valentine Manufacturing Buyer: Miranda Klapper Production Service: PreMediaGlobal Sr. Art Director: Stacy Jenkins Shirley Cover Designer: Lou Ann Thesing Cover Image: iStock Photo  © 2012, 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written p ermission of the publisher.For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at cengage. com/permissions Further permissions questions can be emailed to [email  protected] com Library of Congress Control Number: 2010943343 ISBN 13: 978-0-538-47546-4 ISBN 10: 0-538-47546-3 South-Western 5191 Natorp Boulevard Mason, OH 45040 USA Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd.For your course and learning solutions, visit www. cengage. com Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www. cengagebrain. com Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15 14 13 12 11 To CJ, Hayley and Blake. JOEL D. WISNER To Shaw Yun, Wen Hui and Wen Jay. KEAH-CHOON TAN To Lin and Michelle. G. KEONG LEONG Brief Contents Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii About the Au thors xviii Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Supply Chain Management: An Overview 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Supply Chain Management 3Supply Issues in Supply Chain Management 35 Chapter Chapter Chapter 2 3 4 Purchasing Management 37 Creating and Managing Supplier Relationships 73 Ethical and Sustainable Sourcing 99 Operations Issues in Supply Chain Management 131 Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 5 6 7 8 Demand Forecasting 133 Resource Planning Systems 165 Inventory Management 207 Process Management—Lean and Six Sigma in the Supply Chain 249 Part 4 Distribution Issues in Supply Chain Management 297 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12Domestic U. S. and Global Logistics 299 Customer Relationship Management 343 Global Location Decisions 375 Service Response Logistics 401 Part 5 Integration Issues in Supply Chain Management 445 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Supply Chain Process Integration 447 Performance Measurement Along the Supply Chain 481 On the Companion Website Cases in Supply Chain Man agement Student and Instructor Materials iv Contents Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii About the Authors xviii Part 1 Supply Chain Management: An Overview 1 Chapter 1Introduction to Supply Chain Management 3 Introduction 5 Supply Chain Management Defined 6 The Importance of Supply Chain Management 9 The Origins of Supply Chain Management in the U. S. 12 The Foundations of Supply Chain Management 15 Supply Elements 15 Operations Elements 17 Logistics Elements 19 Integration Elements 21 Current Trends in Supply Chain Management 22 Expanding (and Contracting) the Supply Chain 23 Increasing Supply Chain Responsiveness 24 The Greening of Supply Chains 25 Reducing Supply Chain Costs 26 Summary 28 Key Terms 28 Discussion Questions 28 Internet Questions 29 Appendix 1. : The Beer Game 30 Beer Game Questions and Exercises 34 Part 2 Supply Issues in Supply Chain Management 35 Chapter 2 Purchasing Management 37 Introduction 39 A Brief History of Purchasing Terms 39 The Role of Supply Management in an Organization 40 The Financial Significance of Supply Management 42 The Purchasing Process 43 The Manual Purchasing System 43 Electronic Procurement Systems (e-Procurement) 47 Small Value Purchase Orders 49 Sourcing Decisions: The Make-or-Buy Decision 53 Reasons for Buying or Outsourcing 54 v i Contents Chapter 3 Reasons for Making 54 Make-or-Buy Break-Even Analysis 55 Roles of Supply Base 57 Supplier Selection 57 How Many Suppliers to Use 60 Reasons Favoring a Single Supplier 60 Reasons Favoring Multiple Suppliers 61 Purchasing Organization 61 Advantages of Centralization 62 Advantages ofDecentralization 62 International Purchasing/Global Sourcing 63 Reasons for Global Sourcing 64 Potential Challenges for Global Sourcing 64 Countertrade 65 Procurement for Government/Nonprofit Agencies 65 Characteristics of Public Procurement 66 Summary 68 Key Terms 68 Discussion Questions 69 Internet Questions 70 Spreadsheet Problems 70 Creating and Managing Supplier Relationships 73 Introduct ion 75 Developing Supplier Relationships 75 Building Trust 76 Shared Vision and Objectives 76 Personal Relationships 76 Mutual Benefits and Needs 76 Commitment and Top Management Support 77 Change Management 77 Information Sharing and Lines of Communication 77 Capabilities 78 Performance Metrics 78 Continuous Improvement 81 Key Points 81 Supplier Evaluation and Certification 82 The Weighted Criteria Evaluation System 84 ISO 9000 87 ISO 14000 88 Supplier Development 89 Supplier Recognition Programs 91 Supplier Relationship Management 92 Summary 97 Key Terms 97 Discussion Questions 97 Contents vii Chapter 4Ethical and Sustainable Sourcing 99 Introduction 100 Ethical and Sustainable Sourcing Defined 102 Ethical Sourcing 102 Sustainable Sourcing 105 Developing Ethical and Sustainable Sourcing Strategies 109 Supply Base Rationalization Programs 111 Ethical and Sustainable Supplier Certification Programs 112 Outsourcing Products and Services 113 Insourcing 114 Co-sourcing 114 Early Suppli er Involvement 115 Vendor Managed Inventories 116 Supplier Co-location 117 Strategic Alliance Development 117 Negotiating Win-Win Strategic Alliance Agreements 119 Use of E-Procurement Systems 121 Rewarding Supplier Performance 123 Benchmarking Successful Sourcing Practices 124 Using Third-Party Supply Chain Management Services 125 Assessing and Improving the Firm’s Own Sourcing Function 126 Summary 128 Key Terms 128 Discussion Questions 128 Internet Questions 130 Part 3 Operations Issues in Supply Chain Management 131 Chapter 5 Demand Forecasting 133 Introduction 135 Demand Forecasting 136 Forecasting Techniques 137 Qualitative Methods 137 Quantitative Methods 138 Forecast Accuracy 147 Useful Forecasting Websites 150 Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment 150 Software Solutions 156 Forecasting Software 156 CPFR Software 161 Summary 162 Key Terms 162 Discussion Questions 162 Spreadsheet Problems 163 viii Contents Chapter 6 Chapter 7Resource Planning Systems 165 Introduction 166 Operations Planning 167 The Aggregate Production Plan 168 The Chase Production Strategy 169 The Level Production Strategy 171 Master Production Scheduling 173 Master Production Schedule Time Fence 174 Available-to-Promise Quantities 175 The Bill of Materials 178 Material Requirements Planning 181 Terms used in Material Requirements Planning 182 Capacity Planning 185 Capacity Strategy 186 Distribution Requirements Planning 187 The Legacy Material Requirements Planning Systems 187 Manufacturing Resource Planning 189 The Development of Enterprise Resource Planning Systems 190 The Rapid Growth of Enterprise Resource Planning Systems 192 Implementing Enterprise Resource Planning Systems 193 Advantages and Disadvantages of Enterprise Resource PlanningSystems 195 Enterprise Resource Planning System Advantages 195 Enterprise Resource Planning System Disadvantages 197 Enterprise Resource Planning Software Applications 197 Enterprise Resource Planning Software Providers 199 Summary 201 Key Terms 201 Discussion Questions 202 Internet Questions 203 Spreadsheet Problems 203 Inventory Management 207 Introduction 208 Dependent Demand and Independent Demand 210 Concepts and Tools of Inventory Management 210 The Functions and Basic Types of Inventory 211 Inventory Costs 211 Inventory Investment 212 The ABC Inventory Control System 213 Radio Frequency Identification 217 Inventory Models 222 The Economic Order Quantity Model 222 The Quantity Discount Model 227 Contents ix Chapter 8The Economic Manufacturing Quantity Model 228 The Statistical Reorder Point 234 The Continuous Review and the Periodic Review Inventory Systems 239 Summary 242 Key Terms 242 Discussion Questions 242 Internet Questions 243 Problems 243 Spreadsheet Problems 245 Process Management—Lean and Six Sigma in the Supply Chain 249 Introduction 250 Lean Production and the Toyota Production System 251 Lean Thinking and Supply Chain Management 255 The Elements of Lean 257 Waste Reduction 257 Lean Supply Chain Relationships 260 Lean Layouts 261 Inventory and Setup Time Reduction 262 Small Batch Scheduling 263 Continuous Improvement 266 Workforce Commitment 266 Lean Systems and the Environment 267 The Origins of Six Sigma Quality 268 Comparing Six Sigma and Lean 270 Lean Six 271 Six Sigma and Supply Chain Management 271 The Elements of Six Sigma 273 Deming’s Contributions 274 Crosby’s Contributions 274 Juran’s Contributions 274 The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award 276 The ISO 9000 and 14000 Families of Management Standards 279 The DMAIC Improvement Cycle 280 Six Sigma Training Levels 281 The Statistical Tools of Six Sigma 281 Flow Diagrams 281 Check Sheets 282 Pareto Charts 282 Cause-and-Effect Diagrams 284 Statistical Process Control 285 Summary 293 Key Terms 293 x Contents Discussion Questions 293 Internet Questions 295 Problems 295 Part 4 Distribution Issues in Supply Chain Management 297 Chapter 9 Domestic U. S. and Global Logistics 299 In troduction 301 The Fundamentals of Transportation 302 The Objective of Transportation 302 Legal Forms of Transportation 303 The Modes of Transportation 304 Intermodal Transportation 309 Transportation Pricing 310 Transportation Security 312 Transportation Regulation and Deregulation in the U. S. 14 Warehousing and Distribution 318 The Importance and Types of Warehouses 319 Risk Pooling and Warehouse Location 321 Lean Warehousing 324 The Impacts of Logistics on Supply Chain Management 325 Third-Party Logistics (3PL) Services 325 Other Transportation Intermediaries 328 Environmental Sustainability in Logistics 329 Logistics Management Software Applications 331 Transportation Management Systems 331 Warehouse Management Systems 332 Global Trade Management Systems 332 Global Logistics 333 Global Freight Security 333 Global Logistics Intermediaries 334 Foreign-Trade Zones 335 The North American Free Trade Agreement 335 Reverse Logistics 336 The Impact of Reverse Logistics on the Supply Ch ain 337 Reverse Logistics and the Environment 338 Summary 339 Key Terms 339 Discussion Questions 340 Internet Questions 341 Customer Relationship Management 343 Introduction 345 Customer Relationship Management Defined 346 CRM’s Role in Supply Chain Management 348 Key Tools and Components of CRM 349 Chapter 10 Contents xi Chapter 11Segmenting Customers 349 Predicting Customer Behaviors 351 Customer Value Determination 352 Personalizing Customer Communications 352 Automated Sales Force Tools 354 Managing Customer Service Capabilities 355 Designing and Implementing a Successful CRM Program 361 Creating the CRM Plan 362 Involving CRM Users from the Outset 362 Selecting the Right Application and Provider 363 Integrating Existing CRM Applications 364 Establishing Performance Measures 364 Training for CRM Users 365 Recent Trends in CRM 366 Customer Data Privacy 366 Social Media 367 Cloud Computing 369 Summary 371 Key Terms 371 Discussion Questions 371 Internet Questions 373 Global Location Decisions 375 Introduction 376 Global Location Strategies 377 Critical Location Factors 380 Regional Trade Agreements and the World Trade Organization 380 Competitiveness of Nations 382 The World Economic Forum’s 12 Pillars of Competitiveness 384 Government Taxes and Incentives 384 Currency Stability 386 Environmental Issues 386 Access and Proximity to Markets 387 Labor Issues 388 Access to Suppliers 388 Utility Availability and Cost 388 Quality-of-Life Issues 389 Right-to-Work Laws 390 Land Availability and Cost 390 Facility Location Techniques 391 The Weighted-Factor Rating Model 391 The Break-Even Model 391 Helpful On-Line Information for Location Analysis 392 Business Clusters 394 xii Contents Chapter 12Sustainable Development 396 Summary 398 Key Terms 398 Discussion Questions 398 Internet Questions 399 Spreadsheet Problems 399 Service Response Logistics 401 Introduction 403 An Overview of Service Operations 404 Service Productivity 405 Global Service Issues 406 Service Strategy Development 406 The Service Delivery System 408 Service Location and Layout Strategies 409 Supply Chain Management in Services 411 Service Quality and Customers 415 The Primary Concerns of Service Response Logistics 416 Managing Service Capacity 417 Managing Queue Times 423 Managing Distribution Channels 432 Managing Service Quality 436 Summary 439 Key Terms 439 Discussion Questions and Exercises 440 Problems 441 Internet Questions 443 Part 5 Integration Issues in Supply Chain Management 445 Chapter 13Supply Chain Process Integration 447 Introduction 449 The Supply Chain Management Integration Model 450 Identify Critical Supply Chain Trading Partners 450 Review and Establish Supply Chain Strategies 451 Align Supply Chain Strategies with Key Supply Chain Process Objectives 452 Develop Internal Performance Measures for Key Process Effectiveness 456 Assess and Improve Internal Integration of Key Supply Chain Processes 456 Develop Supply Chain Performance Measures for t he Key Processes 459 Assess and Improve External Process Integration and Supply Chain Performance 459 Extend Process Integration to Second-Tier Supply Chain Partners 460 Contents xiii Chapter 14 Re-evaluate the Integration Model Annually 461 Obstacles To Process Integration Along The Supply Chain 461 The Silo Mentality 462 Lack of Supply Chain Visibility 463 Lack of Trust 465 Lack of Knowledge 467 Activities Causing the Bullwhip Effect 467 Managing Supply Chain Risk And Security 470 Managing Supply Chain Risk 470 Managing Supply Chain Security 474 Summary 478 Key Terms 478 Discussion Questions 478 Internet Questions 479 Performance Measurement Along the Supply Chain 481 Introduction 483 Viewing the Supply Chain as a Competitive Force 484 Understanding End Customers 484Understanding Supply Chain Partner Requirements 485 Adjusting Supply Chain Member Capabilities 485 Traditional Performance Measures 486 Use of Organization Costs, Revenue and Profitability Measures 486 Use of Performan ce Standards and Variances 487 Use of Firm-Wide Productivity and Utilization Measures 488 World-Class Performance Measurement Systems 490 Developing World-Class Performance Measures 490 Supply Chain Performance Measurement Systems 491 Supply Chain Environmental Performance 494 Specific Supply Chain Performance Measures 495 The Balanced Scorecard 496 Web-Based Scorecards 498 The SCOR Model 499 Summary 504 Key Terms 504 Discussion Questions 504 Internet Questions 506 Appendix 1 Areas under the Normal Curve 507 Appendix 2 Answers to Selected End-of-Chapter Problems 508 xiv Contents Glossary 511 References 524 Endnotes 528 Author Index 556 Subject Index 557 On the Companion Website Cases in Supply Chain ManagementPart Part Part Part 2 3 4 5 Cases Cases Cases Cases Student and Instructor Materials Preface Welcome to the third edition of Principles of Supply Chain Management: A Balanced Approach. The practice of supply chain management is becoming widespread in all industries around the g lobe today, and both small and large firms are realizing the benefits provided by effective supply chain management. We think this text is unique in that it uses a novel and logical approach to present discussions of this topic from four perspectives: purchasing, operations, logistics and the integration of processes within these three vitally important areas of the firm and between supply chain trading partners.We think this book is somewhat different than the other supply chain management texts available, since we present a more balanced view of the topic—many of the texts available today concentrate primarily on just one of the three areas of purchasing, operations or logistics. The objective of the book is to make readers think about how supply chain management impacts all of the areas and processes of the firm and its supply chain partners, and to show how managers can improve their firm’s competitive position by employing the practices we describe throughout the text. Junior- or senior-level business students, beginning MBA students, as well as practicing managers can benefit from reading and using this text. There are a number of additions to this third edition that we hope you will find interesting and useful. There is a greater emphasis on environmental sustainability throughout the text.In addition, each chapter contains new Supply Chain Management in Action, e-Business Connection, and Global Perspective features, along with new references throughout and new or additional end-of-chapter discussion questions and exercises. Other specific additions and changes to the text are described below. The textbook also comes with a dedicated website containing dozens of teaching cases split among each section of the book. Most of the case companies and situations are real, while others are fictional, and the cases vary from easy to difficult and short to long. Also on the website is a guide to supply chain management videos along with the YouTube Website addresses for each video. Finally, Power Point lecture slides are available for downloading.Part of the website is protected and for instructors only, and this site contains sample syllabi, case teaching notes, answers to all of the end-of-chapter questions and problems, and a test bank. In the Chapter 1 Appendix, there is a discussion of the Beer Game, with inventory tracking sheets to allow instructors to actually play the game with their students. Finally, there are quantitative as well as qualitative problems and questions, Internet exercises and Excel problems spread throughout most of the chapters. Part 1 is the overview and introduction of the topic of supply chain management. This chapter introduces the basic understanding and concepts of supply chain management, and should help students realize the importance of this topic.Core concepts such as the bullwhip effect, supplier relationship management, forecasting and demand management, enterprise resource planning, tra nsportation management and customer relationship management are discussed. There is also a new section on current trends in supply chain management. Part 2 presents supply issues in supply chain management. This very important topic is covered in three chapters, building from an introduction to purchasing management, xv xvi Preface to managing supplier relationships and then to ethical and sustainable sourcing. Within these chapters can be found sections on government purchasing, global sourcing, e-procurement, software applications, supplier development and green purchasing. Part 3 includes four chapters regarding operations issues in supply chain management.This section progresses from topics on forecasting, resource planning and inventory management to lean production and Six Sigma. New sections in Part 3 include a greater emphasis on collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment (CPFR); discussions of distribution requirements planning (DRP) and radio frequency identifi cation (RFID); and finally discussions of the latest lean production and Six Sigma programs. Part 4 presents distribution issues in supply chain management and consists of four chapters. Chapter 9 is a review of domestic U. S. and international logistics and contains new sections on green transportation, international logistics security and reverse logistics.This is followed by chapters on customer relationship management, global location decisions and service response logistics. New content in these chapters includes new software application discussions, trends in customer relationship management, new location trends in the global economy and cloud computing services. The final section is Part 5, which presents discussions of the integration issues in supply chain management and performance measurements along the supply chain. While cooperation and integration are frequently referred to in the text, this section brings the entire text into focus, tying all of the parts together, fi rst by discussing integration in detail, followed by a discussion of traditional and world-class performance measurement systems.New material here includes the topics of supply chain risk management and expanded coverage of performance measurement models. We think we have compiled a very interesting set of supply chain management topics that will keep readers engaged and we hope you enjoy it. We welcome your comments and suggestions for improvement. Please direct all comments and questions to: Joel D. Wisner: joel. [email  protected] edu (primary contact), Keah-Choon Tan: [email  protected] nevada. edu, or G. Keong Leong: keong. [email  protected] edu Acknowledgements We greatly appreciate the efforts of a number of fine and hard-working people at Cengage Learning/South-Western College Publishing. Without their feedback and guidance, this text would not have been completed.The team members are Charles E. McCormick, Jr. , Senior Acquisitions Editor; Adam Marsh, Marketing Manage r; and Daniel Noguera, our Associate Developmental Editor and day-to-day contact person. A number of other people at Cengage Learning and South-Western also need to be thanked including Stacy Shirley, Chris Valentine and Libby Shipp. We also would like to thank Katy Gabel and her people at PreMediaGlobal who put the manuscript into final copy form. Additionally, we would like to thank all of the case writers who contributed their cases to this textbook. Their names, along with their contact information, are printed with each of the cases on the website.As with any project of this size and time span, there are certain to be a number of people who gave their time and effort to this textbook, and yet their names were inadvertently left out of these acknowledgments. We apologize for this and wish to thank you here. xvii About the Authors Joel D. Wisner is Professor of Supply Chain Management at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He earned his BS in Mechanical Engineering from New Mexi co State University in 1976 and his MBA from West Texas State University in 1986. During that time, Dr. Wisner worked as an engineer for Union Carbide at their Oak Ridge, Tennessee facility and then worked in the oil industry in the wet and green Louisiana Gulf Coast area and also in the dry and sandy West Texas area.In 1991, he earned his PhD in Operations and Logistics Management from Arizona State University. He holds certifications in transportation and logistics (CTL) and in purchasing management (C. P. M. ). He is currently keeping busy teaching undergraduate and graduate courses in supply chain management at UNLV. His research and case writing interests are in process assessment and improvement strategies along the supply chain. His articles have appeared in numerous journals including Journal of Business Logistics, Journal of Operations Management, Journal of Supply Chain Management, Journal of Transportation, Production and Operations Management Journal, and Business Case J ournal.More information about Dr. Wisner can be found at his website: http://faculty. unlv. edu/wisnerj. Keah-Choon Tan is Professor of Operations Management and Chair of the Marketing Department at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He received a BSc degree and an MBA from the University of South Alabama, and a PhD in Operations Management from Michigan State University. He is a certified purchasing manager of the Institute for Supply Management, and is certified in production and inventory management by the APICS. He has published articles in the area of supply chain management, quality, and operations scheduling in academic journals and magazines. Prior to academia, Dr.Tan was a hospital administrator and an account comptroller of a manufacturing firm. He has served as co-track chair and on various committees for the Decision Sciences Institute. He has also served as editor, co-guest editor and on the editorial boards of academic journals. Dr. Tan has received several research grants and teaching awards, including the UNLV Foundation Distinguished Teaching Award. G. Keong Leong is Professor and Chair of the Management Department in the College of Business at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He received an undergraduate degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Malaya and an MBA and PhD from the University of South Carolina.He was previously a member of the faculty at Ohio State University and a visiting faculty at the Thunderbird School of Global Management. His publications appear in academic journals such as Journal of Operations Management, Decision Sciences, Interfaces, Journal of Management, European Journal of Operational Research and International Journal of Production Research, among others. He has co-authored three books including Operations Strategy: Focusing Competitive Excellence and Cases in International Management: A Focus on Emerging Markets and received research and teaching awards including an Educator of the Year award from the Asian Chamber of Commerce in Las Vegas.He has been active in the Decision Sciences Institute, serving as President, Editor of Decision Line, At-Large VicePresident, Chair of the Innovative Education Committee, Chair of the Doctoral Student xviii About the Authors xix Affairs Committee and Manufacturing Management Track Chair. In addition, he served as Chair of the Professional Development Workshop and Chair of the Operations Management Division, Academy of Management. Professor Leong is listed in Who’s Who Among American Teachers, Marquis Who’s Who in the World, Who’s Who in America, and Who’s Who in American Education. This page intentionally left blank Part 1 Supply Chain Management: An Overview Chapter 1 Introduction to Supply Chain Management 1 This page intentionally left blank Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENTGiven how quickly and continuously everything is changing these days, it is essential to understand analytically the functioning of supply chains and to be able to know what strategies will produce the best results. This requires greater attention to creating supply chain solutions that are effective and efficient. 1 Growth is our mantra as an organization. We know that if you’re not growing, you’re dying. So we have to make sure that in the supply chain organization, we’re positioning ourself for that growth. 2 Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you should be able to †¢ Describe a supply chain and define supply chain management. †¢ Describe the objectives and elements of supply chain management. Describe local, regional and global supply chain management activities. †¢ Describe a brief history and current trends in supply chain management. †¢ Understand the bullwhip effect and how it impacts the supply chain. Chapter Outline Introduction Supply Chain Management Defined The Importance of Supply Chain Management The Origins of Supply Chain M anagement in the U. S. The Foundations of Supply Chain Management Current Trends in Supply Chain Management Summary 3 4 Part 1 Supply Chain Management: An Overview Supply Chain Management Where Does the Coal Go? in Action At the same time most every year my dad would be asking, â€Å"But where does the coal go? We’d be on our family vacations on Lake Erie, and as a lover of ships, he’d closely observe the comings and goings of the big freighters that moved iron ore, coal, coke and other materials east and west across the Great Lakes. He’d explain to me why certain ships rode heavy (low in the water and very slow) or light (high in the water and very fast), and what materials were in the ones coming from the west, where they came from and what part they played in making steel— and in turn, what was carried in the bowels of these giant ships, some of them 1,000 feet long. One of those cargoes was coal, and the coal-bearing freighters would always pull in a nd unload at the harbor three miles east of us.But the one piece of this shipping and transfer and delivery and supply puzzle that my dad couldn’t quite figure out was what happened to the coal after it was unloaded at the harbor in Conneaut, Ohio. Oh, he knew what its ultimate fate would be and the role it would play in making steel or other products, but he couldn’t figure out the physical steps involved with the movement of that coal inside the harbor, and that really bugged him. He and I would try to find secluded roads leading into the back of this enormous industrial harbor so we could see where the coal went, but we’d always be caught short by fences bearing grim warnings. We tried hiking in from the far shore, hacking our way through thick woods, but always the fence would stop us.So I took my fellow seeker on a surprise outing. We parked at the little airport in Erie, Pennsylvania, where I’d chartered a private plane. For the next couple of hours , the pilot flew us all over Lake Erie, swooping down over the decks of some of the freighters as they made their way across the lake and circling a few times over the Conneaut harbor. I’ll never forget the sight or sound of my dad triumphantly laughing and slapping his knee as he looked out the window at the massive expanse of the harbor that we’d never been able to see from the ground as he said, â€Å"Now I see where the coal goes! † We had to go a half mile up in the air to get the perspective we needed, but we got it.He saw the railroad shunt that moved the coal from the ships to huge machines that transferred it to a massive web of railroad cars that linked up with rail lines heading south and thence all over the country. I suspect at some level he always knew this is what went on, but he had to see it; he had to really know; he had to be able to tangibly put into place that last piece of the puzzle that ran across thousands of miles of water and rail line s and touched hundreds of industries. I’ve been thinking about this a lot recently because companies of all sorts seem to be striving for the same kind of end-to-end view of their businesses, from their farthest-flung suppliers through their partners to their customers and even out to their customers’ customers.The need to know, to really know and to have end-to-end vision, is becoming increasingly vital in this business world that moves and changes so rapidly. Thanks for indulging me in this mostly personal tale of end-to-end vision. I’d like to close by adding that several weeks after our plane ride, my dad died quite unexpectedly. But before he left us, he got to see where the coal went. Source: Evans, B. , â€Å"Remembering My Dad,† InformationWeek, July 26, 2010: 6–7. Used with permission. Bob Evans is senior VP and director of InformationWeek’s Global CIO unit. Chapter 1 Introduction to Supply Chain Management 5 Introduction Operating successfully today requires organizations to become much more involved with their suppliers and customers.As global markets expand and competition increases, making products and services that customers want means that businesses must pay closer attention to where materials come from, how their suppliers’ products and services are designed, produced and transported, how their own products and services are produced and distributed to customers, and what their direct customers and the end-product consumers really want. Over the past twenty-plus years, many large firms or conglomerates have found that effectively managing all of the business units of a vertically integrated firm—a firm whose business boundaries include former suppliers and/or customers—is quite difficult. Consequently, firms are selling off many business units and otherwise paring down their organization to focus more on core capabilities, while trying to create alliances or strategic partnerships w ith suppliers, transportation and warehousing companies, distributors and other customers who are good at what they do.This collaborative approach to making and distributing products and services to customers is becoming the most effective and efficient way for firms to stay successful—and is central to the practice of supply chain management (SCM). Several factors require today’s firms to work together more effectively than ever before. Communication and information exchange through computer networks using enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems (discussed further in Chapter 6) and the Internet have made global teamwork not only possible but necessary for firms to compete in most markets. Communication technology continues to change rapidly, making global partnerships and teamwork much easier than ever before.Competition is expanding rapidly in all industries and in all markets around the world, bringing new materials, products, people and resources together, makin g it more difficult for the local, individually owned, â€Å"mom-and-pop† shops to keep customers. The recent global economic recession has made customers more cost-conscious while simultaneously seeking higher levels of quality and service, which is requiring organizations to find even better ways to compete. New markets are opening up as governments change and as consumers around the world learn of new products from television, the Internet, radio and contact with tourists. Customers are demanding more socially responsible and environmentally-friendly activities from organizations.Considering all of these changes to the environment, it is indeed an exciting time for companies seeking to develop new products, find new customers and compete more successfully. New jobs and opportunities are opening up in the areas of purchasing, operations, logistics and supply chain management as firms build better competitive infrastructures. As you read this textbook, you will be introduced to the concepts of supply chain management and how to use these concepts to become better managers in today’s global economy. We use examples throughout the text to illustrate the topics discussed; and we provide online cases for each section of the textbook to enable you to test your problem-solving, decision-making and writing skills in supply chain management.We hope that by the end of the text you will have gained an appreciation of the value of supply chain management and will be able to apply what you have learned, both in your profession and in future courses in supply chain management. In this chapter, the term supply chain management is defined, including a discussion of its importance, history and developments to date. The chapter ends with a look at some of the current trends in supply chain management. 6 Part 1 Supply Chain Management: An Overview Supply Chain Management Defined To understand supply chain management, one must begin with a discussion of a supply c hain; a generic one is shown in Figure 1. 1.The supply chain shown in the figure starts with firms extracting raw materials from the ground—such as iron ore, oil, wood and food items—and then selling these to raw material suppliers such as lumber companies, steel mills and raw food distributors. These firms, acting on purchase orders and specifications they have received from component manufacturers, turn the raw materials into materials that are usable by these customers (materials like sheet steel, aluminum, copper, lumber and inspected foodstuffs). The component manufacturers, responding to orders and specifications from their customers (the final product manufacturers) make and sell intermediate components (electrical wire, fabrics, plumbing items, nuts and bolts, molded plastic components, processed foods).The final product manufacturers (companies like Boeing, General Motors, Coca-Cola) assemble finished products and sell them to wholesalers or distributors, who then resell these products to retailers as their product orders are received. Retailers in turn sell these products to us, the end-product consumers. Consumers buy products based on a combination of cost, quality, availability, maintainability and reputation factors, and then hope the purchased products satisfy their requirements and expectations. The companies, along with their supply chains, that can provide all of these desired things will ultimately be successful. Along the supply chain, intermediate and end customers may need to return products, obtain warranty repairs or may just throw products away or recycle them.These reverse logistics activities are also included in the supply chain, and are discussed further in Chapter 9. Figure 1. 1 A Generic Supply Chain Product & service flow Recycling & returns Raw material Suppliers/mfgs. Second-tier suppliers Intermediate component mfgs. First-tier suppliers Wholesalers, distributors Transportation & storage activities End-product m anufacturer (focal firm) First-tier customers Retailers Second-tier customers End-product consumers Information/planning/activity integration Chapter 1 Introduction to Supply Chain Management 7 Referring again to Figure 1. 1, the firm in the middle of the figure is referred to as the focal firm, and the direct suppliers and customers of the focal firm are first-tier suppliers and customers.The first-tier suppliers’ suppliers are thus the focal firm’s second-tier suppliers, and the first-tier customers’ customers are the focal firm’s second-tier customers. Some supply chains, such as an automobile supply chain, might have many tiers, while others such as a law office, might have very few tiers. While the focal firm is presented here and in other chapter discussions as an end-product assembly firm, it can be any of the firms involved in the supply chain, depending on the frame of reference of the manager viewing the diagram. Thus, the series of companies ev entually making products and services available to consumers—including all of the functions enabling the production, delivery and recycling of materials, components, end products and services—is called a supply chain.Companies with multiple products likely have multiple supply chains. All products and services reach their customers via some type of supply chain—some much larger, longer and more complex than others. Some may involve foreign suppliers or markets. With this idea of a supply chain in mind, then, it is easy to come to the realization that there really is only one true source of income for all supply chain organizations—the supply chain’s end customers. Steve Darendinger, vice president of advanced sourcing and supply chain strategy for Cisco Systems of California, says the key to developing effective supply chain management programs is keeping the customer in mind. The things that we do within our supply chain are driven around customer success,† he says. â€Å"We provide opportunities and solutions for customers. †3 When individual firms in a supply chain make business decisions while ignoring the interests of the end customer and other chain members, these suboptimal decisions transfer risks, costs and additional waiting time along the supply chain, ultimately leading to higher end-product prices, lower supply chain service levels and eventually lower end-customer demand. A number of other companies are also indirectly involved in most supply chains, and they play a very important role in the eventual delivery of end products to customers.These are the many service providers, such as trucking and airfreight shipping companies, information system providers, public warehousing firms, freight forwarders, agents and consultants. These service providers are extremely useful to the primary firms in most supply chains, since they can help to get products where they need to be in a timely fashion, allow buy ers and sellers to communicate effectively, allow firms to serve outlying markets, enable firms to save money on domestic and global shipments, and in general allow firms to adequately serve their customers at the lowest possible cost. So now that a general description of a supply chain has been provided, what is supply chain management (SCM)? A number of definitions are available in the literature and among various professional associations.A few of these are provided here from three organizations connected to the practice of supply chain management: †¢ The Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP) defines supply chain management as: â€Å"The planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing and procurement, conversion and all logistics management activities. Importantly, it also includes coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which can be suppliers, intermediaries, third-party service providers and customers. †4 †¢ The I nstitute for Supply Management (ISM) describes supply chain management as: â€Å"The design and management of seamless, value-added processes across organizational boundaries to meet the real needs of the end customer. †5 8 Part 1 Supply Chain Management: An Overview The Singapore-based Logistics & Supply Chain Management Society defines supply chain management as: â€Å"The coordinated set of techniques to plan and execute all steps in the global network used to acquire raw materials from vendors, transform them into finished goods, and deliver both goods and services to customers. †6 Consistent across these definitions is the idea of coordinating or integrating a number of goods- and services-related activities among supply chain participants to improve operating efficiencies, quality and customer service among the collaborating organizations. Thus, for supply chain management to be successful, firms must work together by sharing information on things like demand for ecasts, production plans, capacity changes, new marketing strategies, new product and service developments, new technologies employed, purchasing plans, delivery dates and anything else impacting the firm’s purchasing, production and distribution plans.In theory, supply chains work as a cohesive, singularly competitive unit, accomplishing what many large, vertically integrated firms have tried and failed to accomplish. The difference is that independent firms in a supply chain are relatively free to enter and leave supply chain relationships if these relationships are no longer proving beneficial; it is this free market alliance-building that allows supply chains to operate more effectively than vertically integrated conglomerates. For example, when a particular material or product is in short supply accompanied by rising prices, a firm may find it beneficial to align itself with one of these suppliers to ensure continued supply of the scarce item.This alignment may become be neficial to both parties—new markets for the supplier leading to new, future product opportunities; and long-term continuity of supply and stable prices for the buyer. Later, when new competitors start producing the scarce product or when demand declines, the supplier may no longer be valued by the buying firm; instead, the firm may see more value in negotiating with other potential suppliers for its purchase requirements and may then decide to dissolve the original buyer–supplier alignment. As can be seen from this example, supply chains are often very dynamic or fluid, which can also cause problems in effectively managing them.While supply chain management may allow organizations to realize the advantages of vertical integration, certain conditions must be present for successful supply chain management to occur. Perhaps the single most important prerequisite is a change in the corporate cultures of all participating firms in the supply chain to make them conducive to supply chain management. More traditional organizational cultures that emphasize short-term, company-focused performance in many ways conflict with the objectives of supply chain management. Supply chain management focuses on positioning organizations in such a way that all participants in the supply chain benefit. Thus, effective supply chain management relies on high levels of trust, cooperation, collaboration and honest, accurate communications.Purchasing, operations, logistics and transportation managers not only must be equipped with the necessary expertise in these critical supply chain functions but also must appreciate and understand how these functions interact and affect the entire supply chain. Rebecca Morgan, president of Fulcrum Consulting Works, an Ohio-based supply chain management consulting firm, says too many companies go into agreements they call partnerships and then try to control the relationship from end to end. â€Å"A lot of the automotive companies did th is in the beginning,† she says. â€Å"They issued a unilateral ultimatum: you will do this for me if you want to do business with me, no matter Chapter 1 Introduction to Supply Chain Management 9 what it means for you. 7 This type of supply chain management approach can lead to distrust, poor performance, finding ways to â€Å"beat the system† and ultimately loss of customers. Boundaries of supply chains are also dynamic. It has often been said that supply chain boundaries for the focal firm extend from â€Å"the suppliers’ suppliers to the customers’ customers. † Today, most firms’ supply chain management efforts do not extend beyond those boundaries. In fact, in many cases, firms find it very difficult to extend coordination efforts beyond a few of their most important direct suppliers and customers (in one survey, a number of firm representatives stated that most of their supply chain efforts were with the firm’s internal suppliers and customers only! ). However, with time and successful initial results, many firms are extending the boundaries of their supply chains to include their second-tier suppliers and customers, logistics service companies, as well as non-domestic suppliers and customers. Some of the firms considered to be the best at managing their supply chains have very recognizable names: Procter & Gamble, Cisco Systems, Wal-Mart, Apple Computers, PepsiCo and Toyota Motor. The Importance of Supply Chain Management While all firms are part of a chain of organizations bringing products and services to customers (and most firms operate within a number of supply chains), certainly not all supply chains are managed in any truly coordinated fashion.Firms continue to operate independently in many industries (particularly small firms). It is often easy for managers to be focused solely on their immediate customers, their daily operations, their sales and their profits. After all, with customers complaining , employees to train, late supplier deliveries, creditors to pay and equipment to repair, who has time for relationship building and other supply chain management efforts? Particularly within this most recent economic downturn, firms may be struggling to just keep their doors open. Many firms, though, have worked through their economic problems and are encountering some value-enhancing benefits from their supply chain management efforts.Firms with large system inventories, many suppliers, complex product assemblies and highly valued customers with large purchasing budgets have the most to gain from the practice of supply chain management. For these firms, even moderate supply chain management success can mean lower purchasing and inventory carrying costs, better product quality and higher levels of customer service—all leading to more sales. According to the U. S. Census Bureau’s Annual Survey of Manufactures, the total cost of all materials purchased in 2008 exceeded $3. 2 trillion among U. S. manufacturers, up from $2. 2 trillion in 2000. Additionally, fuel purchases among manufacturers in the U. S. otaled $63 billion, up 10 percent from just the previous year due to rising fuel prices. 9 Thus it can easily be seen that purchasing, inventory and transportation cost savings can be quite sizable for firms utilizing effective supply chain management strategies. In fact, in a 2009 Global Survey of Supply Chain Progress conducted by Michigan State University, almost two-thirds of the respondents reported the existence of an â€Å"official† supply chain management group within the firm with jurisdiction over activities like logistics, sourcing and performance measurement. Additionally, about 70 percent of the respondents reported that their supply chain initiatives had either reduced costs or improved revenues. 0 In some cases firms hire a company knowledgeable in supply chain management activities to help the firm develop its own capabilities , and to get the benefits much faster. The Global Perspective feature describes global security system 10 Part 1 Supply Chain Management: An Overview Global Perspective How Diebold Learned to Manage Its Supply Chains In 2006, the senior management at Diebold established an aggressive set of cost savings goals as part of its Smart Business 200 program. And the Canton, Ohio, company’s supply chain organization was expected to contribute a significant portion to the $200 million savings goal through consolidation, optimization and process improvements. We knew the opportunity was there but we didn’t have the scale of resources or the access to industry best practices† to meet those goals, says Paul Dougherty, strategic procurement manager in Diebold’s global procurement organization. In short, he knew Diebold needed outside help and brought in a fourth-party logistics provider (4PL), Menlo Logistics, to do a full supply chain assessment. â€Å"We actually us ed to have a map on the wall in one of our procurement conference rooms that depicted each known storage location marked with a pin. There were literally hundreds of excessive, disparate stocking locations with limited or no real-time visibility of inventory positioning, turnover cycles or valuation,† says Dougherty.Based on evaluation of this core mission alignment and a mandate to achieve aggressive savings goals, Diebold chose to have the infrastructure services provided by a 3PL and the more strategic initiatives developed and implemented by a 4PL. To guide its 4PL implementation, Diebold established a Logistics Directorate team with extensive experience across the supply chain. â€Å"Today, the map we used to have on the wall is gone and we have consolidated most of that inventory into two distribution centers using a warehouse management system with detailed visibility at the transaction level,† says Dougherty. The primary objective of Menlo’s 4PL work is t o drive bottom line, year-over-year net cost reductions to Diebold while improving its service levels, which is no small task. There was a lot of low hanging fruit at the outset and the initial emphasis was consolidating inventory and establishing a flexible, cost-effective, distribution network,† says Dougherty. Gradually, Diebold placed increased reliance on its internal expertise to manage its regional warehousing while looking to Menlo 4PL for continuous engineering improvements to the supply chain network design. The allocation of specific duties is a collaborative effort based on constantly evolving requirements. To date, Menlo has successfully achieved its annual savings goals. Source: Hannon, D. , â€Å"Signs that Your Company May Need a 4PL Intervention,† Purchasing, V. 139, No. 2 (2010): 16. Used with permission. anufacturer Diebold’s choice of a company to do just that, with great and quick success. Today, they still use their fourth-party logistics pr ovider (4PL) company (a company hired to manage all of a firm’s logistics and supply chain management capabilities) but have also developed internal skills in managing their supply chains. Managers must realize that their supply chain management efforts can start small— for instance, with just one key supplier—and build through time to include more supply chain participants such as other important suppliers, key customers and logistics services. Finally, supply chain management efforts can include second-tier suppliers and customers. So why are these integration activities so important?As alluded to earlier, when a firm, its customers and its suppliers all know each others’ future plans and are willing to work together, the planning process is easier and much more productive, in Chapter 1 Introduction to Supply Chain Management 11 Example 1. 1 Grebson Manufacturing’s Supply Chain The Pearson Bearings Co. makes roller bearings for Grebson Manufactur ing on an as-needed basis. For the upcoming quarter, they have forecasted Grebson’s roller bearing demand to be 25,000 units. Since Grebson’s demand for bearings from Pearson has been somewhat erratic in the past due to the number of bearing companies competing with Pearson and also the fluctuation of demand from Grebson’s customers, Pearson’s roller bearing forecast includes 5,000 units of safety stock.The steel used in Pearson Bearings’ manufacturing process is usually purchased from Rogers Steels, Inc. Rogers Steels has, in turn, forecasted Pearson’s quarterly demand for the high-carbon steel it typically purchases for roller bearings. The forecast also includes safety stock of about 20 percent over what Rogers Steels expects to sell to Pearson over the next three months. This short description has exposed several problems occurring in most supply chains. Because Pearson does not know with full confidence what Grebson’s roller bear ing demand will be for the upcoming quarter (it could be zero, or it could exceed 25,000 units), Pearson will incur the extra costs of producing and holding 5,000 units of safety stock.Additionally, Pearson risks having to either scrap, sell or hold onto any units not sold to Grebson, as well as losing current and future sales to Grebson if their demand exceeds 25,000 units over the next quarter. Rogers Steels faces the same dilemma—extra materials, labor costs and warehouse space for safety stock along with the potential stockout costs of lost present and future sales. Additionally, Grebson’s historic demand pattern for roller bearings from its suppliers already includes some safety stock, since it uses roller bearings in one of the products it makes for a primary customer. terms of cost savings, quality improvements and service enhancements. A fictitious example is provided in Example 1. 1. Example 1. illustrates some of the costs associated with independent planning and lack of supply chain information sharing and coordination. Grebson’s safety stock, which they have built into their roller bearing purchase orders, has resulted in still additional safety stock production levels at the Pearson plant. In fact, some of the erratic purchasing patterns of Grebson are probably due to their leftover safety stocks causing lower purchase quantities during those periods. This, in turn, creates greater demand variability, leading to a decision at Pearson to produce an even higher level of safety stock. This same scenario plays out between Pearson and Rogers Steels, with erratic buying patterns by Pearson and further safety stock production by Rogers.If the supply chain were larger, this magnification of safety stock, based on erratic demand patterns and forecasts derived from demand already containing safety stock, would continue as orders pass to more distant suppliers up the chain. This supply chain forecasting, safety stock and production probl em is known as the bullwhip effect. If Grebson Manufacturing knew its customers’ purchase plans for the coming quarter along with how their purchase plans were derived, it would be much more confident about what the upcoming demand was going to be, resulting in little, if any, safety stock required. And consequently it would be able to communicate its own purchase plans for roller bearings to Pearson.If Grebson purchased its roller bearings from only Pearson and, further, told Pearson what their quarterly purchase plans were, and if Pearson did likewise with Rogers, safety stocks throughout the supply chain would be reduced drastically, driving down the costs of purchasing, producing and carrying roller bearings at each stage. This discussion also sets the stage for a supply chain management concept called collaborative planning, forecasting and replenishment, discussed further in Chapter 5. 12 Part 1 Supply Chain Management: An Overview The result includes lower supply chain costs and better customer service (remember, there would be few, if any, stockouts if purchase quantities were decided ahead of time and shipping companies delivered on time; additionally, production quantities would be less, reducing purchase costs and production time).Trade estimates suggest that the bullwhip effect results in excess costs on the order of 12 to 25 percent at each firm in the supply chain, which can be a tremendous competitive disadvantage. Lower costs resulting from reducing the bullwhip effect can also result in better quality, since potentially higher profit margins mean more investment into materials research, better production methods and use of more reliable transportation and storage facilities. Additionally, as working relationships throughout the supply chain mature, suppliers will feel more comfortable investing capital in better facilities, better products and better services for their customers.With time, customers will share more information with supp liers and suppliers will be more likely to participate in their key customers’ new product design efforts, for instance. These, then, become some of the more important benefits of a wellintegrated supply chain. In the following chapters, other associated benefits will also become apparent. The Origins of Supply Chain Management in the U. S. During the 1950s and 1960s, U. S. manufacturers were employing mass production techniques to reduce costs and improve productivity, while relatively little attention was typically paid to creating supplier partnerships, improving process design and flexibility, Table 1. 1Historic Supply Chain Management Events in the United States Increased supply chain capabilities Supply chain relationship formation, sustainability, social responsibility JIT, TQM, BPR, supplier and customer alliances Inventory management, MRP, MRPII and cost containment Traditional mass manufacturing 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Future Note: MRP = material require ments planning, JIT = just-in-time, TQM = total quality management, BPR = business process reengineering. Chapter 1 Introduction to Supply Chain Management 13 or improving product quality (see Table 1. 1). New product design and development was slow and relied exclusively on in-house resources, technologies and capacity.Sharing technology and expertise through strategic buyer–supplier partnerships was essentially unheard of back then. Processes on the factory floor were cushioned with inventory to keep machinery running and maintain balanced material flows, resulting in large investments in work-in-process inventories. In the 1960s and 1970s, computer technologies began to flourish and material requirements planning (MRP) software applications and manufacturing resource planning (MRPII) software applications were developed. These systems allowed companies to see the importance of effective materials management—they could now recognize and quantify the impact of high le vels of inventories on manufacturing, storage and transportation costs.As computer capabilities grew, the sophistication of inventory tracking software also grew, making it possible to further reduce inventory costs while improving internal communication of the need for purchased parts and supplies. The 1980s were the breakout years for supply chain management. One of the first widely recorded uses of the term supply chain management came about in a paper published in 1982. 11 Intense global competition beginning in the 1980s (and continuing today) provided an incentive for U. S. manufacturers to offer lower-cost, higher-quality products along with higher levels of customer service. Manufacturers utilized just-in-time (JIT) and total quality management (TQM) strategies to improve quality, manufacturing efficiency and delivery times.In a JIT manufacturing environment with little inventory to cushion scheduling and/or production problems, firms began to realize the potential benefits and importance of strategic and cooperative supplier-buyer-customer relationships, which are the foundation of SCM. The concept of these partnerships or alliances emerged as manufacturers experimented with JIT and TQM. As competition in the U. S. intensified further in the 1990s, accompanied by increasing logistics and inventory costs and the trend toward market globalization, the challenges associated with improving quality, manufacturing efficiency, customer service and new product design and development also increased.To deal with these challenges, manufacturers began purchasing from a select number of certified, high-quality suppliers with excellent service reputations and involved these suppliers in their new product d